tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69569883803007233892024-03-14T08:17:24.564+07:00Yuniana SetyaniDunia Analis Kesehatanyuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-70022954297119673432012-10-01T23:45:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:47:02.465+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar nitrogen dalam mg sampel menggunakan
larutan HCl xM untuk titrasi. Dimana vs dan vb adalah volume titrasi sampel dan
blanko, 14g adalah berat molekul untuk nitrogen N. Penetapan blanko biasanya
dilakukan pada saat yang sama dengan sampel untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">memperhitungkan
nitrogen residual yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis. Setelah kadar nitrogen
ditentukan, dikonversi menjadi kadar proteind dengan faktor konversi yang
sesuai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
Protein = F x %N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keuntungan
dan Kerugian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Keuntungan :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Kjeldahl digunakan secara luas di
seluruh dunia dan masih merupakan metode standar dibanding metode lain.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifatnya yang universal, presisi tinggi
dan reprodusibilitas baik membuat metode ini banyak digunakan untuk penetapan
kadar protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.
Kerugian :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode ini tidak memberikan pengukuran
protein sesungguhnya, karena tidak semua nitrogen dalam makanan bersumber dari
protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein yang berbeda memerlukan faktor
koreksi yang berbeda karena susunan residu asam amino yang berbeda.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan asam sulfat pada suhu tinggi
berbahaya, demikian juga beberapa katalis.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik ini membutuhkan waktu lama.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-72937839031008025052012-10-01T23:42:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:47:02.471+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar nitrogen dalam mg sampel menggunakan
larutan HCl xM untuk titrasi. Dimana vs dan vb adalah volume titrasi sampel dan
blanko, 14g adalah berat molekul untuk nitrogen N. Penetapan blanko biasanya
dilakukan pada saat yang sama dengan sampel untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">memperhitungkan
nitrogen residual yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis. Setelah kadar nitrogen
ditentukan, dikonversi menjadi kadar proteind dengan faktor konversi yang
sesuai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
Protein = F x %N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keuntungan
dan Kerugian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Keuntungan :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Kjeldahl digunakan secara luas di
seluruh dunia dan masih merupakan metode standar dibanding metode lain.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifatnya yang universal, presisi tinggi
dan reprodusibilitas baik membuat metode ini banyak digunakan untuk penetapan
kadar protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.
Kerugian :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode ini tidak memberikan pengukuran
protein sesungguhnya, karena tidak semua nitrogen dalam makanan bersumber dari
protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein yang berbeda memerlukan faktor
koreksi yang berbeda karena susunan residu asam amino yang berbeda.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan asam sulfat pada suhu tinggi
berbahaya, demikian juga beberapa katalis.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik ini membutuhkan waktu lama.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-34489711398574700752012-10-01T23:41:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:47:02.453+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar nitrogen dalam mg sampel menggunakan
larutan HCl xM untuk titrasi. Dimana vs dan vb adalah volume titrasi sampel dan
blanko, 14g adalah berat molekul untuk nitrogen N. Penetapan blanko biasanya
dilakukan pada saat yang sama dengan sampel untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">memperhitungkan
nitrogen residual yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis. Setelah kadar nitrogen
ditentukan, dikonversi menjadi kadar proteind dengan faktor konversi yang
sesuai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
Protein = F x %N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keuntungan
dan Kerugian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Keuntungan :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Kjeldahl digunakan secara luas di
seluruh dunia dan masih merupakan metode standar dibanding metode lain.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifatnya yang universal, presisi tinggi
dan reprodusibilitas baik membuat metode ini banyak digunakan untuk penetapan
kadar protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.
Kerugian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode ini tidak memberikan pengukuran
protein sesungguhnya, karena tidak semua nitrogen dalam makanan bersumber dari
protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein yang berbeda memerlukan faktor
koreksi yang berbeda karena susunan residu asam amino yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan asam sulfat pada suhu tinggi
berbahaya, demikian juga beberapa katalis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik ini membutuhkan waktu lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-19390389632462757622012-10-01T23:39:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:39:01.095+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar nitrogen dalam mg sampel menggunakan
larutan HCl xM untuk titrasi. Dimana vs dan vb adalah volume titrasi sampel dan
blanko, 14g adalah berat molekul untuk nitrogen N. Penetapan blanko biasanya
dilakukan pada saat yang sama dengan sampel untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">memperhitungkan
nitrogen residual yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis. Setelah kadar nitrogen
ditentukan, dikonversi menjadi kadar proteind dengan faktor konversi yang
sesuai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
Protein = F x %N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keuntungan
dan Kerugian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Keuntungan :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Kjeldahl digunakan secara luas di
seluruh dunia dan masih merupakan metode standar dibanding metode lain.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifatnya yang universal, presisi tinggi
dan reprodusibilitas baik membuat metode ini banyak digunakan untuk penetapan
kadar protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.
Kerugian :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode ini tidak memberikan pengukuran
protein sesungguhnya, karena tidak semua nitrogen dalam makanan bersumber dari
protein.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein yang berbeda memerlukan faktor
koreksi yang berbeda karena susunan residu asam amino yang berbeda.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan asam sulfat pada suhu tinggi
berbahaya, demikian juga beberapa katalis.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik ini membutuhkan waktu lama.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-83196193359913095802012-10-01T23:37:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:47:02.480+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persamaan
berikut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar nitrogen dalam mg sampel menggunakan
larutan HCl xM untuk titrasi. Dimana vs dan vb adalah volume titrasi sampel dan
blanko, 14g adalah berat molekul untuk nitrogen N. Penetapan blanko biasanya
dilakukan pada saat yang sama dengan sampel untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">memperhitungkan
nitrogen residual yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis. Setelah kadar nitrogen
ditentukan, dikonversi menjadi kadar proteind dengan faktor konversi yang
sesuai :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
Protein = F x %N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keuntungan
dan Kerugian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Keuntungan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Kjeldahl digunakan secara luas di
seluruh dunia dan masih merupakan metode standar dibanding metode lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifatnya yang universal, presisi tinggi
dan reprodusibilitas baik membuat metode ini banyak digunakan untuk penetapan
kadar protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.
Kerugian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode ini tidak memberikan pengukuran
protein sesungguhnya, karena tidak semua nitrogen dalam makanan bersumber dari
protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein yang berbeda memerlukan faktor
koreksi yang berbeda karena susunan residu asam amino yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan asam sulfat pada suhu tinggi
berbahaya, demikian juga beberapa katalis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik ini membutuhkan waktu lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-50965044364876840712012-10-01T23:31:00.001+07:002012-10-01T23:47:02.461+07:00Protein<div style="text-align: center;">
Tugas Praktik Amami</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Protein</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Protein merupakan polimer asam amino. Ada puluh asam amino yang
berbeda merupakan penyusun protein alami. Protein dibedakan satu sama lain
berdasarkan tipe, jumlah dan susunan asam aminonya. Perbedaan ini menyebabkan
perbedaan struktur molekuler, kandungan nutrisi dan sifat fisikokimia. Protein
merupakan konstituen penting dalam makanan, dimana protein merupakn sumber
energi sekaligus mengandung asam-asam amino esensial seperti lysine,
tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine dan valine (esensial berarti penting
bagi tubuh, namun tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh). Protein juga merupakan komponen
utama dalam berbagai makanan alami, yang menentukan tekstur keseluruhan, misalnya
keempukan produk daging atau ikan, dan sebagainya. Protein terisolasi sering digunakan
dalam makanan sebagai unsur kandungan (ingredient) karena sifat atau fungsi uniknya,
antara lain kemampuannya menghasilkan penampilanm tekstur atau stabilitas yang diinginkan.
Misalnya, protein digunakan sebagai agen pembentuk gel (gelling agent), pengemulsi
(emulsifier), pembentuk busa (foaming agent) dan pengental (thickener). Beberapa
protein makanan merupakan enzim yang mampi meningkatkan laju reaksi biokimia tertentu,
baik yang menguntungkan maupun yang merugikan merusak. Di dalam analisis makanan,
mengetahui kadar total, jenis, struktur molekul dan sifat fungsional dari protein
sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Penentuan Kadar Protein Total</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode Kjeldahl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Kjeldahl
dikembangkan pada taun 1883 oleh pembuat bir bernama Johann Kjeldahl. Makanan
didigesti dengan asam kuat sehingga melepaskan nitrogen yang dapat ditentukan kadarnya
dengan teknik titrasi yang sesuai. Jumlah protein yang ada kemudian dihitung
dari kadar nitrogen dalam sampel. Prinsip dasar yang sama masih digunakan
hingga sekarang, walaupun dengan modifikasi untuk mempercepat proses dan
mencapai pengukuran yang lebih akurat. Metode ini masih merupakan metode
standart untuk penentuan kadar protein. Karena metode Kjeldahl tidak menghitung
kadar protein secara langsung, diperlukan faktor konversi (F) untuk menghitung kadar
protein total dan kadar nitrogen. Faktor konversi 6,25 (setara dengan 0,16 g
nitrogen per gram protein) digunakan untuk banyak jenis makanan, namun angka
ini hanya nilai rata-rata, tiap protein mempunyai faktor konversi yang berbeda
tergantung komposisi asam aminonya. Metode Kjeldahl terdiri dari tiga langkah :
digesti, netralisasi dan titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CMINI%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="291" /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prinsip</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a. Digestion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampel makanan
yang akan dianalisis ditimbang dalam labu digesti dan didigesti dengan pemanasan
dengan penambahan asam sulfat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sebagai
oksidator yang dapat mendigesti makanan), natrium sulfat anhidrat (untuk
mempercepat tercapainya titik didih) dan katalis seperti tembaga (Cu),
selenium, titanium, atau merkurium (untuk mempercepat reaksi). Digesti mengubah
nitrogen dalam makanan (selain yang dalam bentuk nitrat atau nitrit) menjadi
amonia, sedangkan unsur oganik lain menjadi CO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O. Gas amonia tidak dilepaskan ke dalam larutan asam karena
berada dalam bentuk ion amonium (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">terikat dengan ion sulfat (SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">42-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">) sehingga yang berada dalam larutan adalah :N(makanan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b. Netralisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah proses
digesti sempurna, labu digesti dihubungkan dengan labu penerima (recieving</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">flask) melalui sebuah tabung. Larutan dalam labu digesti
dibasakan dengan penambahan NaOH, yang mengubah amonium sulfat menjadi gas
amonia : (NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 NaOH </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2 NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ 2 H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">O + Na</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Gas amonia yang terbentuk dilepaskan dari larutan dan berpindah
keluar dari labu digestimasuk ke labu penerima, yang berisi asam borat
berlebih. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rendahnya pH larutan di labu penerima
mengubah gas amonia menjadi ion amonium serta mengubah asam borat menjadiion
borat: NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+
H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">NH</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4+ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">c. Titrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kandungan
nitrogen diestimasi dengan titrasi ion amonium borat yang terbentuk dengan asam
sulfat atau asam hidroklorida standar, menggunakan indikator yang sesuai untuk menentukan
titik akhir titrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3- </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">+ </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;">_ </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">H</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">BO</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar ion
hidrogen (dalam mol) yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai titik akhir titrasi setara</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan kadar
nitrogen dalam sampel makanan (persamaan 3).</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"></span></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-87896158423286959352012-09-24T00:00:00.000+07:002012-09-24T00:00:05.010+07:00TUGAS PRAKTIKUM AMAMI<div style="text-align: center;">
MINYAK DAN LEMAK</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Author>Administrator</o:Author>
<o:Version>12.00</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Lemak
merupakan salah satu kandungan utama dalam makanan, dan penting dalam diet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">karena
beberapa alasan. Lemak merupakan salah satu sumber utama energi dan mengandung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">lemak
esensial. Namun konsumsi lemak berlebihan dapat merugikan kesehatan, misalnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">kolesterol
dan lemak jenuh. Dalam berbagai makanan, komponen lemak memegang peranan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">penting
yang menentukan karakteristik fisik keseluruhan, seperti aroma, tekstur, rasa
dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">penampilan.
Karena itu sulit untuk menjadikan makanan tertentu menjadi rendah lemak (low</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">fat),
karena jika lemak dihilangkan, salah satu karakteristik fisik menjadi hilang.
Lemak juga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">merupakan
target untuk oksidasi, yang menyebabkan pembentukan rasa tak enak dan produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">menjadi
berbahaya.</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis
lemak dalam makanan meliputi :</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Kadar lemak total</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Jenis lemak yang ada</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Sifat fisikokima lemak, seperti kristalisasi, titik leleh, titik
asap, rheologi, densitas dan</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> warna</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Struktur
lemak dalam makanan</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Sifat Lemak dalam Makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;"> Lemak
biasanya dinyatakan sebagai komponen yang larut dalam pelarut organik (seperti
eter,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">heksan
atau kloroform), tapi tidak larut dalam air. Senyawa yang termasuk golongan ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">meliputi
triasilgliserol, diasilgliserol, monoasilgliserol, asam lemak bebas,
fosfolipid, sterol,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">karotenoid
dan vitamin A dan D. Fraksi lemak sendiri mengandung campuran kompleks dari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">berbagai
jenis molekul. Namun triasilgliserol merupakan komponen utama sebagian besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">makanan, jumlahnya
berkisar 90-99% dari total lemak yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fosfolipid</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Triasilgliserol
merupakan ester dari tiga asam lemak dan sebuah molekul gliserol. Asam</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">lemak
yang ditemukan di makanan bervariasi panjang rantainya, derajat
ketidakjenuhannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan
posisinya pada molekul gliserol. Akibatnya fraksi triasilgliserol sendiri
mengandung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">campuran
kompleks dari berbagai jenis molekul yang berbeda. Masing-masing jenis lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">mempunyai
profil lemak yang berbeda yang menentukan sifat fisikokimia dan nutrisinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Istilah
lemak, minyak dan lipid sering digunakan secara berbeda oleh ahli makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Umumnya
yang dimaksud lemak adalah lipid yang padat, sedangkan minyak adalah lipid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">yang
cair pada suhu tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"> Penentuan Kadar Minyak dan Lemak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Penentuan
kadar minyak atau lemak suatu bahan dapat dilakukan dengan alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">ekstraktor
Soxhlet. Ekstraksi dengan alat Soxhlet merupakan cara ekstraksi yang efisien,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">karena
pelarut yang digunakan dapat diperoleh kembali. Dalam penentuan kadar minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">atau
lemak, bahan yang diuji harus cukup kering, karena jika masih basah selain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">memperlambat
proses ekstraksi, air dapat turun ke dalam labu dan akan mempengaruhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">dalam perhitungan (Ketaren, 1986:36)</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 38.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Ekstraksi Solven</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Fakta
bahwa lemak larut dalam air, tapi tidak larut dalam air, membuat pemisahan
lemak dari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">komponen
makanan lain yang larut air seperti protein, karbohidrat dan mineral, menjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">mudah.
Teknik ekstraksi solven merupakan metode yang paling sering digunakan untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">isolasi
lemak dan menentukan kandungan lemak dalam makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Preparasi
Sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Preparasi
sampel untuk ektraksi solven biasanya meliputi beberapa tahap:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Pengeringan sampel. Sampel perlu dikeringkan sebelum ekstraksi
solven, karena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">beberapa
pelarut organik tidak bisa berpenetrasi dengan baik bila ada air dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">sampel
makanan, sehingga ekstraksi menjadi tidak efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Pengecilan ukuran partikel. Sampel kering biasanya perlu
dihaluskan sebelum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">ekstraksi
solven untuk menghasilkan sampel yang homogen dan meningkatkan luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">permukaan
lemak. Penghalusan sering dilakukan pada suhu rendah untuk mengurangi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">oksidasi
lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Hidrolisis asam. Beberapa jenis makanan mengandung lemak yang
membentuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">kompleks
dengan protein (lipoprotein) atau polisakarida (glikolipid). Untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">menentukan
kadar senyawa ini, perlu dilakukan pemutusan ikatan antara lemak dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">komponen
non-lemak sebelum ekstraksi solven. Hidrolisis asam umumnya dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">untuk
melepaskan lemak terikat sehingga lebih mudah terekstraks, misalnya dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">mendigesti
sampel selama 1 jam dengan HCl 3N.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Pemilihan solven. Solven ideal untuk ekstraksi lemak harus mampu
secara sempurna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">mengesktraksi
semua komponen lemak dari makanan, dan meninggalkan komponen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">selain
lemak. Efisiensi solven tergantung polaritas lemak yang ada. Lemak polar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(seperti
glikolipid atau fosfolipid) lebih mudah larut dalam solven yang lebih polar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(alkohol)
dari pada dalam solven non-polar (seperti heksan). Sebaliknya lemak nonpolar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(seperti
triasilgliserol) lebih mudah larut dalam solven non-polar dibanding</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dalam
solven polar. Fakta bahwa lemak yang berbeda mempunyai polaritas yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">berbeda
menyebabkan tidak mungkin menggunakan pelarut organik tunggal untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">mengesktraksi
semuanya. Sehingga penentuan kandungan lemak total menggunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">ekstraksi
solven tergantung pada pelarut organik yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Selain
pertimbangan di atas, solven juga harus murah, mempunyai titik didih rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(sehingga
mudah dipisahkan dengan evaporasi), non-toksik dan tidak mudah terbakar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Pelarut
yang biasa digunakan untuk penentuan kadar lemak total dalam makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">adalah
etil eter, petroleum eter, pentan dan heksan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Macam-macam
Ekstraksi Solven :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">a.
Batch Solvent Extraction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Metode
ini dilakukan dengan mencampur sampel dan solven dalam wadah yang sesuai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">(misalnya
corong pisah). Wadah dikocok kuat, solven organik dan fase air dipisahkan (oleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">gravitasi
atau dengan sentrifugasi). Fase air dihilangkan, dan konsentrasi lemak
ditentukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dengan
menguapkan solven dan mengukur massa lemak yang tersisa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">%
lemak = 100 x (berat lemak / berat sampel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prosedur
ini harus diulang beberapa kali untuk meningkatkan efisiensi proses ekstraksi.
Fase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">air
diekstraksi kembali dengan solven baru, kemudian semua fraksi solven
dikumpulkan dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">kadar
lemak ditentukan dengan penimbangan setelah solven diuapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">b.
Semi-Continuous Solvent Extraction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Alat
yang paling sering digunakan dalam metode ini adalah soxhlet, dimana efisiensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">ekstraksi
lebih baik dari pada metode Batch Solvent Extraction. Sampel dikeringkan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dihaluskan
dan diletakkan dalam thimble berpori. Thimble diletakkan dalam alat soxhlet
yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dihubungkan
dengan kondensor. Labu soxhlet dipanaskan, solven menguap, terkondensasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dan
masuk ke bejana ekstraksi yang berisi sampel, dan mengesktraksi sampel. Lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">tertinggal
di labu karena perbedaan titik didih. Pada akhir ekstraksi, solven diupakan dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">massa
lemak yang tersisa ditimbang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Prosedur
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">1.
Timbang kurang lebih 2 g sampel, masukkan dalam timble ekstraksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">2.
Timbang labu ekstraksi yang telah dikeringkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">3.
Masukkan eter anhidrat dalam labu didih (labu ekstraksi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">4.
Rangkai alat : labu didih, labu soxhlet, kondensor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">5.
Lakukan ekstraksi dengan kecepatan tetesan solven dari kondensor 5-6 tetes per
detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">selama
4 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">6.
Keringkan labu didih yang berisi ekstrak lemak di oven pada 100</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">?</span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">C selama 30 min,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">dinginkan
di desikator dan timbang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">%
lemak = 100 x (berat lemak / berat sampel)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Daftar pustaka :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dr.RH : Analisis Makanan_3. Analisis Lemak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-83536152343796122972012-09-18T09:38:00.000+07:002012-09-18T09:40:29.437+07:00GULA REDUKSI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>GULA REDUKSI</b></div>
<br />
<br />
Gula pereduksi merupakan
golongan gula (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a>) yang dapat mereduksi
senyawa-senyawa penerima elektron, contohnya adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">glukosa</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fruktosa</span></a>.
Ujung dari suatu gula pereduksi adalah ujung yang mengandung gugus <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehida" title="Aldehida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aldehida</span></a>
atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keton" title="Keton"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keto bebas</span></a>.
Semua <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosakarida" title="Monosakarida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monosakarida</span></a>
(glukosa, fruktosa, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galaktosa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Galaktosa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">galaktosa</span></a>) dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disakarida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Disakarida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">disakarida</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktosa" title="Laktosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">laktosa</span></a>,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltosa" title="Maltosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">maltosa</span></a>),
kecuali <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sukrosa</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati" title="Pati"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pati</span></a>
(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">polisakarida</span></a>),
termasuk sebagai gula pereduksi. Umumnya gula pereduksi yang dihasilkan
berhubungan erat dengan aktifitas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a>, dimana semakin tinggi aktifitas enzim maka semakin
tinggi pula gula pereduksi yang dihasilkan. Jumlah gula pereduksi yang
dihasilkan selama reaksi diukur dengan menggunakan pereaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_dinitro_salisilat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam dinitro salisilat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam dinitro salisilat</span></a>/<i>dinitrosalycilic
acid</i> (DNS) pada panjang gelombang 540 nm.Semakin tinggi nilai absorbansi
yang dihasilkan, semakin banyak pula gula pereduksi yang terkandung.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tebu sebagai bahan baku utama pabrik
gula di Indonesia merupakan tanaman yang efisien. Batang tebu
mengkonversi sinar matahari dengan proses fotosintesa sehingga menjadi
gula (sukrosa, glukosa, fruktosa, dll) selama pertumbuhan. Reaksi utama
pada proses fotosintesa tebu :</div>
<a href="http://www.risvank.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/fotosintesa1.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-156" height="73" src="http://www.risvank.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/fotosintesa1-300x46.jpg" title="fotosintesa" width="381" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Setelah tebu ditebang kandungan sukrosa
yang terdapat dalam batang tebu akan mengalami degradasi menjadi
monosakarida atau gula reduksi yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas mikroba.
Hal ini merupakan kerugian karena di pabrik gula yang akan di kristalkan
adalah sukrosa sementara monosakarida dan gula lain akan menjadi tetes (<i>molasses</i>).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kerusakan tebu (<i>cane deterioration</i>)
merupakan faktor yang penting dalam memperoleh gula yang berkualitas.
Selain menyebabkan kehilangan gula (sukrosa) yang besar, kerusakan tebu
menyebabkan kesulitan dalam proses pengolahan tebu menjadi gula dan
menambah biaya produksi. <i>Clarke, et al (1980)</i> memperkirakan
bahwa kehilangan gula pada pra-panen sampai menjadi gula produk
bervariasi antara 5 – 35 % dari sukrosa dalam tebu, tergantung pada
kondisi lingkungan dan teknologi yang digunakan.</div>
Kerusakan pada tebu selama panen dan
pasca panen diantaranya disebabkan oleh kondisi natural varietas tebu
dan tempat tumbuhnya, kondisi pra panen, yaitu banyak tebu yang dibakar (<i>Saska et al, 2009; Solomon, 2000</i>), penggunaan mekanisasi dengan tebu dipotong-potong (<i>Mochtar, 1995; Uppal, 2003, Larrahondo, dkk, 2009</i>) dan waktu tunda giling atau tebu lasahan (<i>Mochtar dkk, 1995, Solomon 2000</i>). Pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Kolombia oleh <i>Larrahondo, dkk, 2009</i>
menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kualitas antara metode tebang secara
manual dengan mekanik. Penebangan secara mekanik meningkatkan zat asing
selain gula dan penurunan pol % tebu sebesar 0,4 poin.<br />
<br />
<br />
Daftar Pustaka :<br />
http://www.risvank.com/tag/gula-reduksi/<br />
<br />yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-85865253499364024502012-04-16T22:32:00.000+07:002012-04-16T22:32:17.069+07:00KAFEIN<!--[if !mso]> <style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: YUNIANA SETYANI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: A.101.14.059</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">KAFEIN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search?q=kofein&hl=id&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1024&bih=469&prmd=imvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=cs&twu=1&u=http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:Caffeine_molecule.png&usg=ALkJrhjplrOkEalddBdACq7G7ak1EfpAhg" title=""Struktur formula" "><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama kimia</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,3,7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nomor CAS registri</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">02/08/58</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C <sub>8</sub> H <sub>10</sub> N <sub>4</sub> O <sub>2</sub> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Massa molar</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">194,19 g / mol </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lebur</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">234-236,5 ° C </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Titik didih</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">178 ° C (menyublim) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keasaman</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10.4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kepadatan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,2 g / cm <sup>3</sup></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kafein</span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (sebagai tanaman <i>Coffea arabica</i> , Ceko kopi Arab) adalah alkaloid positif yang merangsang sistem saraf pusat dan jantung aktivitas. Kafein mungkin merupakan stimulan paling luas di dunia yang digunakan sebagai obat . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kafein termasuk dalam kelompok purin, metil xantin derivatif, termasuk theobromine ( kakao ) dan teofilin </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kafein adalah zat, pahit kristal putih - xanthinový alkaloid, yang juga merupakan obat stimulan psikoaktif. Kafein ditemukan oleh kimiawan Jerman Ferdinand Runge di 1819 . Ia menemukan nama baru untuk zat kafein, bahan kimia aktif dalam kopi (Kafein dalam bahasa Inggris). Kafein juga terdapat dalam senyawa kimia dan tidak larut kompleks guaranine , yang terkandung dalam tanaman guarana di mateinu terkandung dalam pasangan , dan theine , yang meliputi teh . Guarana, sobat teh dan menyembunyikan alkaloid lain seperti: kardiostimulans theoffylin dan theobromine senyawa kimia dan lainnya seperti polifenol , yang dapat membentuk kompleks tak larut dengan kafein. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kafein ditemukan dalam berbagai jumlah dalam biji , daun dan buah-buahan tertentu tanaman , tanaman di mana ia berfungsi sebagai alam pestisida - melumpuhkan dan membunuh beberapa serangga yang memakan bagian tanaman. Paling sering kita temui dia di biji kopi dan daun teh . </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada manusia kafein bertindak sebagai stimulator dari sistem saraf pusat (SSP), untuk sementara mengurangi kelelahan kewaspadaan dan terjaga. Minuman yang mengandung kafein seperti kopi , teh , soda dan minuman energi menikmati popularitas besar. Ini adalah zat psikoaktif paling populer di dunia, tapi tidak seperti yang lain adalah hukum dan yang dijual tidak diatur oleh batasan. Di Amerika Utara mengkonsumsi kafein 90% dari populasi orang dewasa sehari-hari. AS Food and Drug Administration (FDA) terdaftar sebagai zat yang aman (setara Amerika Ceko Negara Institut Kesehatan ). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kofein bersifat termostabil sehingga ekstraksi dapat dilakukan dengan cara refluks atau digesti. Penambahan MgO dapat memisahkan kofein dari senyawa – senyawa yang tidak diinginkan misalnya tanin. Jika konsentrasi basa terlalu tinggi dapat merusak kofein menjadi koefeedin. Penambahan asam sulfat untuk mengendapkan MgO yang tidak tersaring dengan menbentuk garam. Kofein dalam fase cair diekstraksi dengan kloroform karena dalam suasana asam kelarutan kofein dalam kloroform lebih besar dari kelarutan dalam air. Kofein yang terekstraksi dalam kloroform dicuci dengan NaOH untuk menghilangkan warna alaminya juga untuk menetralkan kelebihan H2SO4. Kofein pada manusia mempunyai efek stimulasi SSP, relaksasi otot bronkus dan diuretik.<br />
Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi ekstraksi, diantaranya (Kirk-Othmer, 1998):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suhu <br />
Kelarutan bahan yang diekstraksi dan difusivitas biasanya akan meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu, sehingga diperoleh laju ekstraksi yang tinggi. Pada beberapa kasus, batas atas untuk suhu operasi ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah perlunya menghindari reaksi samping yang tidak diinginkan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ukuran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>partikel <br />
Semakin kecil ukuran partikel, semakin besar luas bidang kontak antara padatan dan solven, serta semakin pendek jalur difusinya, yang menjadikan laju transfer massa semakin tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor solven <br />
Kafein biasanya diisolasi dengan ekstraksi menggunakan solven organik, dan kondisi ekstraksi (solven, suhu, waktu, pH, dan rasio komposisi solven dengan bahan) dapat mempengaruhi efisiensi ekstraksi kafein (Perva U et al., 2006)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://parkir-setia.blogspot.com/01/04/2012/08:00"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://parkir-setia.blogspot.com/01/04/2012/08:00</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofein/01/04/2012/0845"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofein/01/04/2012/0845</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-27730191525375625752011-11-30T23:54:00.000+07:002011-11-30T23:54:53.773+07:00Pemeriksaan kadar ureum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--> <br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metabolisme Ureum</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hampir seluruh urea dibentuk di dalam hati, dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>katabolisme asam-asam amino dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan produk eksresi metabolisme protein yang utama. Konsentrasi urea dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serum darah terutama menggambarkan keseimbangan antara pembentukan urea dan katabolisme protein serta eksresi urea oleh ginjal:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Sejumlah urea dimetabolisme lebih lanjut dan sejumlah kecil hilang dalam keringat dan feses (Baron, 1990)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kadar Ureum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai normal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kadar nitrogen urea dalam serum adalah 8-20 mg/dl. Di Amerika Serikat hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penetapan disebut sebagai nitrogen ureum dalam darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blood<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ureum Nitrogen</i> (BUN). Penurunan kadar BUN dapat disebabkan oleh kerusakan hati yang berat, diet rendah protein, malnutrisi, dan kehamilan. Sedangkan peningaktan kadar BUN dapat terjadi pada dehidrasi. Konsumsi protein yang tinggi, gagal ginjal, dan glomerulonefritis (Baron, 1990).</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Masalah Klinis</span><br />
<br />
1. Peningkatan Kadar<br />
<br />
Peningkatan kadar urea disebut uremia. Azotemia mengacu pada peningkatan semua senyawa nitrogen berberat molekul rendah (urea, kreatinin, asam urat) pada gagal ginjal. Penyebab uremia dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu penyebab prarenal, renal, dan pascarenal. Uremia prarenal<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>terjadi karena gagalnya mekanisme yang bekerja sebelum filtrasi oleh glomerulus. Mekanisme tersebut meliputi : 1) penurunan aliran darah ke ginjal seperti pada syok, kehilangan darah, dan dehidrasi; 2) peningkatan katabolisme protein seperti pada perdarahan gastrointestinal disertai pencernaan hemoglobin dan penyerapannya sebagai protein dalam makanan, perdarahan ke dalam jaringan lunak atau rongga tubuh, hemolisis, leukemia (pelepasan protein leukosit), cedera fisik berat, luka bakar, demam,.<br />
<br />
Uremia renal terjadi akibat gagal ginjal (penyebab tersering) yang menyebabkan gangguan ekskresi urea. Gagal ginjal akut dapat disebabkan oleh glomerulonefritis, hipertensi maligna, obat atau logam nefrotoksik, nekrosis korteks ginjal. Gagal ginjal kronis disebabkan oleh glomerulonefritis, pielonefritis, diabetes mellitus, arteriosklerosis, amiloidosis, penyakit tubulus ginjal, penyakit kolagen-vaskular.<br />
<br />
Uremia pascarenal terjadi akibat obstruksi saluran kemih di bagian bawah ureter, kandung kemih, atau urethra yang menghambat ekskresi urin. Obstruksi ureter bisa oleh batu, tumor, peradangan, atau kesalahan pembedahan. Obstruksi leher kandung kemih atau uretra bisa oleh prostat, batu, tumor, atau peradangan. Urea yang tertahan di urin dapat berdifusi masuk kembali ke dalam darah.<br />
<br />
Beberapa jenis obat dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan urea, seperti : obat nefrotoksik; diuretic (hidroklorotiazid, asam etakrinat, furosemid, triamteren); antibiotic (basitrasin, sefaloridin (dosis besar), gentamisin, kanamisin, kloramfenikol, metisilin, neomisin, vankomisin); obat antihipertensi (metildopa, guanetidin); sulfonamide; propanolol, morfin; litium karbonat; salisilat. Sedangkan obat yang dapat menurunkan kadar urea misalnya fenotiazin.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Penurunan Kadar<br />
<br />
Penurunan kadar urea sering dijumpai pada penyakit hati yang berat. Pada nekrosis hepatik akut, sering urea rendah asam-asam amino tidak dapat dimetabolisme lebih lanjut. Pada sirosis hepatis, terjadipengurangan sintesis dan sebagian karena retensi air oleh sekresi hormone antidiuretik yang tidak semestinya.<br />
<br />
Pada karsinoma payudara yang sedang dalam pengobatan dengan androgen yang intensif, kadar urea rendah karena kecepatan anabolisme protein yang tinggi. Pada akhir kehamilan, kadar urea kadang-kadang terlihat menurun, ini bisa karena peningkatan filtrasi glomerulus, diversi nitrogen ke fetus, atau karena retensi air. Penurunan kadar urea juga dijumpai pada malnutrisi protein jangka panjang. Penggantian kehilangan darah jangka panjang, dekstran, glukosa, atu saline intravena, bisa menurunkan kadar urea akibat pengenceran.<br />
<br />
Untuk menilai fungsi ginjal, permintaan pemeriksaan BUN hampir selalu disatukan dengan <a href="http://labkesehatan.blogspot.com/2010/03/kreatinin-darah-serum.html" target="new">kreatinin</a> (dengan darah yang sama). Rasio BUN terhadap kreatinin merupakan suatu indeks yang baik untuk membedakan antara berbagai kemungkinan penyebab uremia. Rasio BUN/kreatinin biasanya berada pada rentang 12-20. Peningkatan kadar BUN dengan kreatinin yang normal mengindikasikan bahwa penyebab uremia adalah nonrenal (prarenal). Peningkatan BUN lebih pesat daripada kreatinin menunjukkan penurunan fungsi ginjal. Pada dialysis atau transplantasi ginjal yang berhasil, urea turun lebih cepat daripada kreatinin. Pada gangguan ginjal jangka panjang yang paranh, kadar yrea terus meningkat, sedangkan kadar kreatinin cenderung mendatar, mungkin akibat akskresi melalui saluran cerna.<br />
<br />
Rasio BUN/kreatinin rendah (<12)>20) dengan kreatinin normal dijumpai pada uremia prarenal, diet tinggi protein, perdarahan saluran cerna, keadaan katabolik. Rasio BUN/kreatinin tinggi (>20) dengan kreatinin tinggi dijumpai pada azotemia prarenal dengan penyakit ginjal, gagal ginjal, azotemia pascarenal.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Faktor yang Dapat Mempengaruhi Temuan Laboratorium</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Status dehidrasi dari penderita harus diketahui. Pemberian cairan yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan kadar BUN rendah palsu, dan sebaliknya, dehidrasi dapat memberikan temuan kadar tinggi palsu. </li>
</ul><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Diet rendah protein dan tinggi karbohidrat dapat menurunkan kadar ureum. Sebaliknya, diet tinggi protein dapat meningkatkan kadar ureum, kecuali bila penderita banyak minum.</li>
</ul><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Pengaruh obat (misal antibiotik, diuretik, antihipertensif) dapat meningkatkan kadar BUN</li>
</ul><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;"> </div>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-25197767186004994702011-11-24T01:14:00.000+07:002011-11-24T01:14:58.593+07:00Pemeriksaan Asam UratBanyak orang yang masih mengacaukan istilah purin dengan asam urat. Sehingga bnayak yangg menanyakan makanan apa yang kiranya mengandung asam urat?? Padahal yang dimaksud tentuny purin bukan sam urat. Asam urat merupakan hasil metabolisme purin.<br />
<br />
Asam urat dalam tubuh dihasilkan melalui 2cara, yaitu :<br />
<ol><li> Dari pemecahan asam amino non esensial (dalam jumlah tertentu asam urat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh)</li>
<li>Hasil akhir proses metabolisme purin yang ada dalam makanan</li>
</ol>Penumpukan asam urat lebih banyak disebabkan oleh sebab yangg kedua, ditambah dengan konsumsi makanan yang kurang seimbang dan terlalu sering mengkonsumsi makanan yng tinggi lemak dan kolestrol.<br />
<br />
Bila kadar asam urat darah anda tinggi, ada baijnya memperhatikan hal-hal berikut ini:<br />
<ol><li>Upayakan menghindari bahan makanan atau makanan yang mengandung purin tinggi,membatasi makanan yang mengandung purin sedang dan mengkonsusmsi makanan yang "aman" dari purin</li>
<li>Konsumsi air yang tinggi (kurang lebih 2-2,5 liter tiap hari) karena dapat melarutkan asam urat.</li>
</ol>Klasifikasi makanan berdasarkan kandungan purin<br />
<ul><li>Kandungan purin tinggi (100-1000 mg purin/100 gr bahan makanan) sebaiknya dihindari makanan berupa otak,hati,jantung,ginjal,jeroan,ekstrak daging/kaldu,bebek,sardin,makarel,remis,kerang.</li>
<li>Kandungan purin sedan (9-100 mg purin/100gr bahan makanan) sebaiknya dibatasi makanan berupa daging sapi,ikan ,unggas maks 50-75,udang,tahu,tempe, dan hasil olah,asparagus,bayam,singkong,kangkung,daun dan biji melinjo.</li>
<li>Kandungan purin rendah dapat dimakan setiap hari: nasi,ubi,singkong,jagung,roti,mie,bihun,tepung beras,cake,kue kering,puding,susu,keju,telur.lemak dan minyak,gula dan buah-buahan.</li>
</ul> Alkohol akan meningkatkan asam laktat plasma yang bisa menghambat pengeluaran asam urat dalam dari tubuh.<br />
Hal yang patut diperhatikan adalah :<br />
<ul><li>Jumlah asupan energi harrus disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan tubuh berdasarkan pada tinggi badan dan berat badan.</li>
<li>Tidak mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol karena dapat menimbulkan asam laktat plasma,asam laktat ini bisa menghambat pengeluaran asam urat dari tubuh. Karena itu,orang yang sering mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol memiliki kadar asam urat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan orang yang tidak nmengkonsumsinya.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi cukup vitamin dan mineral yang cukup sesuai dengan kebutuhan tubuh akan dapat mempertahankan kondisi keseshatan yang baik.</li>
</ul>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-53486997364073625822011-11-22T22:55:00.003+07:002011-11-22T22:55:40.394+07:00TOKSIKOLOGI NARKOTIKA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TOKSIKOLOGI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA : Yuniana Setyani</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: A.101.14.059</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang anda ketahui tentang tes urin atau tes laboratorium lainnya dalam menghadapi tes penyalahgunaan obat ?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan dan terangkan gejala-gejala ketergantungan obat !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan obat-obat yang di salahgunakan !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan dan jelaskan terapi ketergantungan obat yang anda ketahui !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawaban</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tes urin hanyalah sebagai uji saring, sedangkan uji konfirmasi harus menggunakan alat Gas Chromatography / mass spectrometry Dikatakan bahwa angka positip palsu pada pemeriksaan tes urin sangat bervariasi tinggi, dari 4% hingga 50%. Penyebab positip palsu dapat terjadi sebagai akibat dari prosedur laboratorium yang tidak tepat, sample tertukar atau tercampur, pencatatan yang tak beres, inhalasi pasif, reaksi silang (cross-reaction) obat. Hugh Hansen melaporkan adanya kesalahan positip palsu sebesar 0-6% untuk barbiturate, 0-37% untuk Amfetamin, 0-6% untuk Kokain, dan 0-10% untuk morfin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-Gejala Pemakaian Narkoba Yang Berlebihan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Opiat (heroin, morfin, ganja)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- perasaan senang dan bahagia</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- acuh tak acuh (apati)</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- malas bergerak</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mengantuk</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- rasa mual</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- bicara cadel</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- pupil mata mengecil (melebar jika overdosis)</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- gangguan perhatian/daya ingat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ganja</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- rasa senang dan bahagia</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- santai dan lemah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- acuh tak acuh</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mata merah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- nafsu makan meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mulut kering</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- pengendalian diri kurang</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- sering menguap/ngantuk</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- kurang konsentrasi</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- depresi </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amfetamin (shabu, ekstasi)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- kewaspadaan meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- bergairah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- rasa senang, bahagia</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- pupil mata melebar</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- denyut nadi dan tekanan darah meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- sukar tidur/ insomnia</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- hilang nafsu makan </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kokain</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- denyut jantung cepat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- agitasi psikomotor/gelisah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- euforia/rasa gembira berlebihan</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- rasa harga diri meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- banyak bicara</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- kewaspadaan meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- kejang</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- pupil (manik mata) melebar</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- tekanan darah meningkat</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- berkeringat/rasa dingin</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mual/muntah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mudah berkelahi</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- psikosis</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- perdarahan darah otak</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- penyumbatan pembuluh darah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- nystagmus horisontal/mata bergerak tak terkendali</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- distonia (kekakuan otot leher) </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alkohol</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- bicara cadel</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- jalan sempoyongan</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- wajah kemerahan</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- banyak bicara</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mudah marah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- gangguan pemusatan perhatian</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- nafas bau alkohol </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="isiartikel"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benzodiazepin (pil nipam, BK, mogadon)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- bicara cadel</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- jalan sempoyongan</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- wajah kemerahan</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- banyak bicara</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- mudah marah</span><br />
<span class="isiartikel">- gangguan pemusatan perhatian</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Obat yang sering disalahgunakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Opana oxymorphone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan oleh medis untuk penghilang rasa sakit. Seseorang yang menyalahgunakannya akan merasa super rileks, karena sistem saraf dan otaknya dipengaruhi oleh zat yang terkandung didalam opana oxymorphone.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">OxyContin oxycodone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan obat yang berbahaya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat ini memberikan penggunanya rasa bahagia, euforia, seperti di 'surga' yang efek candunya hampir tak ada yang menandingi di dunia narkotika. Pada pertengahan-90an Perusahaan farmasi Purdue memproduksi OxyContin. Efek buruk dari obat ini adalah rusaknya sistim organ, gangguan psikis bahkan kematian. OxyContin sekarang diproduksi melalui formula yang jauh lebih sulit untuk menghindari penyalahgunaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laudanum tincture of opium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Dibuat dari campuran alkohol dari opium bubuk. Zat Laudanum juga terdapat di dalam kodein, morfin, dan etanol. Pada jaman dulu obat ini bebas dijual dipasaran dan legal tetapi semakin kesini fungsinya banyak disalahgunakan. Terkenal di Inggris, Eropa dan China. Laudanum diresepkan utuk bayi yang baru lahir dan ibu yang habis melahirkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adderall mixed amphetamine salts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja otak. Karena obat ini bila dikonsumsi secara berlebih akan mengoptimalkan fungsi otak, seperi doping untuk otak, menambah semangat belajar dan relaksasi tetapi efek buruknya obat ini akan merusak otak dan jaringannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Narcotic syrups codeine and hydrocodone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Resep untuk obat batuk sirup (seperti Tussoinex dan Phenergan) sebenarnya mengandung narkotika seperti kodein dan xanax. Bila disalahgunakan seperti obat lainnya, obat ini menanamkan efek fly, gembira, senang, dan santai. Efek buruknya adalah bisa menghancurkan organ-organ tubuh pemakainya dengan cepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Desoxyn methamphetamine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Digunakan untuk pengobatan ADHD, serta obesitas (kelebihan berat badan) untuk efek menekan nafsu makan, jika disalahgunakan obat ini bisa membuat diri tak terkendali dan hilang ingatan untuk sementara. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Xanax alprazolam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Penyalahgunaan Clobazam sangat umum untuk mengobati stres dan kecemasan, tapi cukup butir saja. Seorang dokter akan memberikan resep Xanax untuk pasien gangguan ingatan, insomnia, dan, yang lebih jarang, gangguan psikis,disalahgunakan untuk meningkatkan keramahan dan membuat orang yang 'menggunakannya' idak ingat apa tetapi sadar. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilaudid hydromorphone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Diresepkan untuk rasa sakit (dan kadang-kadang batuk parah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seroquel quetiapine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Digunakan untuk skizofrenia, gangguan bipolar, dan insomnia.Orang yang menyalahgunakannya akan merasa rileks dan keluar dari "perjalanan buruk" hidupnya, tapi itu hanya sementara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambien zolpidem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Terapi ketergantungan obat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Terapi Moral <br />
Model ini sangat umum dikenal oleh masyarakat serta biasanya dilakukan dengan pendekatan agama/moral yang menekankan tentang dosa dan kelemahan individu. Model terapi seperti ini sangat tepat diterapkan pada lingkungan masyarakat yang masih memegang teguh nilai-nilai keagamaan dan moralitas di tempat asalnya, karena model ini berjalan bersamaan dengan konsep baik dan buruk yang diajarkan oleh agama. Maka tidak mengherankan apabila model terapi moral inilah yang menjadi landasan utama pembenaran kekuatan hukum untuk berperang melawan penyalahgunaan narkoba. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Terapi Sosial <br />
Model ini memakai konsep dari program terapi komunitas, dimana adiksi terhadap obat-obatan dipandang sebagai fenomena penyimpangan sosial (social disorder). Tujuan dari model terapi ini adalah mengarahkan perilaku yang menyimpang tersebut ke arah perilaku sosial yang lebih layak. Hal ini didasarkan atas kesadaran bahwa kebanyakan pecandu narkoba hampir selalu terlibat dalam tindakan a-sosial termasuk tindakan kriminal. Kelebihan dari model ini adalah perhatiannya kepada perilaku adiksi pecandu narkoba yang bersangkutan, bukan pada obat-obatan yang disalahgunakan. Prakreknya dapat dilakukan melalui ceramah, seminar, dan terutama terapi berkelompok (encounter group). Tujuannya tidak lain adalah melatih pertanggung-jawaban sosial setiap individu, sehingga kesalahan yang diperbuat satu orang menjadi tanggung-jawab bersama-sama. Inilah yang menjadi keunikan dari model terapi sosial, yaitu memfungsikan komunitas sedemikian rupa sebagai agen perubahan (agent of change. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Terapi Medis <br />
Model ini berakar dari beberapa konsep dalam teori fisiologis atau metabolisme, yang memandang perilaku adiksi obat sebagai sesuatu yang terjadi karena faktor etiologis atau keturunan. Ada dua macam model terapi yang berdasarkan pada konsep ini. <br />
Pertama, yaitu konsep menyembuhkan kecanduan obat dengan menggunakan obat lain. Contohnya adalah model terapi metadon untuk pecandu opiat. Terapi ini didasarkan pada sebuah teori dari Dole dan Nyswander yang menyatakan bahwa kecanduan opiat adalah hasil dari defisiensi metabolik, sehingga harus diluruskan dengan memberikan metadon. <br />
Kedua, yaitu konsep menyembuhkan kecanduan obat dengan cara memandang adiksi obat sebagai suatu penyakit. Dari pendekatan teori biologis ini lahirlah konsep "disease" yang apabila diterjemahkan artinya adalah "penyakit", atau bisa juga diartikan sebagai rasa tidak nyaman. Terapi untuk konsep "penyakit" ini sangat berbeda dengan terapi yang melihat perilaku adiksi sebagai penyimpangan sosial. Dalam terapi ini seorang pecandu dianggap sebagai pasien, dimana mereka akan dibina dan diawasi secara ketat oleh tim dokter. Kelemahan dari terapi ini adalah sifatnya yang "keras", dimana pasien direhabilitasi dengan konsep alergi. Karena pasien mempunyai alergi terhadap narkoba, maka mereka tidak boleh mengkonsumsinya seumur hidup. <br />
Menyadari keterbatasan ini, maka konsep adiksi sebagai penyakit sangat mementingkan perkumpulan (fellowship) dari mereka yang mempunyai penyakit kecanduan narkoba untuk menjadi pendukung satu sama lain. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Terapi Psikologis <br />
Model ini diadaptasi dari teori psikologis Mc Lellin, dkk yang menyebutkan bahwa perilaku adiksi obat adalah buah dari emosi yang tidak berfungsi selayaknya karena terjadi konflik, sehingga pecandu memakai obat pilihannya untuk meringankan atau melepaskan beban psikologis itu. Model terapi ini mementingkan penyembuhan emosional dari pecandu narkoba yang bersangkutan, dimana jika emosinya dapat dikendalikan maka mereka tidak akan mempunyai masalah lagi dengan obat-obatan. Jenis dari terapi model psikologis ini biasanya banyak dilakukan pada konseling pribadi, baik dalam pusat rehabilitasi maupun dalam terapi pribadi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Terapi Budaya <br />
Model ini menyatakan bahwa perilaku adiksi obat adalah hasil sosialiasi seumur hidup dalam lingkungan sosial atau kebudayaan tertentu. Dalam hal ini, keluarga seperti juga lingkungan dapat dikategorikan sebagai "lingkungan sosial dan kebudayaan tertentu". <br />
Dasar pemikirannya adalah, bahwa praktek penyalahgunaan narkoba oleh anggota keluarga tertentu adalah hasil akumulasi dari semua permasalahan yang terjadi dalam keluarga yang bersangkutan. Sehingga model ini banyak menekankan pada proses terapi untuk kalangan anggota keluarga dari para pecandu narkoba tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><cite><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">www.freewebs.com/kimiadb2/jenis_<b>narkotika</b>.doc</span></cite></div><div class="MsoNormal">http://www.dinkes.jogjaprov.go.id/index.php/clabkes/read/67.html</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-28693576384028001892011-11-13T11:02:00.001+07:002011-11-13T11:02:58.410+07:00Uremia Pada Gagal Ginjal Kronik<!--[if !mso]> <style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1033"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS KIMIA KLINIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UREMIA TERHADAP GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Y2bCaunIjmVUHE_2oE0aKIe9m_SiiCC79yN96mC7rW5zpGpXY9kRlAi9Y1bWdngjEvl4ffLVyEXcJhKRPydiPXJuUEIj2emsO-dpwMOTmmvF_Kb52RrMKp7QXTlRNy1nLHEVVjAqxns/s1600/logo+aak.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Y2bCaunIjmVUHE_2oE0aKIe9m_SiiCC79yN96mC7rW5zpGpXY9kRlAi9Y1bWdngjEvl4ffLVyEXcJhKRPydiPXJuUEIj2emsO-dpwMOTmmvF_Kb52RrMKp7QXTlRNy1nLHEVVjAqxns/s400/logo+aak.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok IV :</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rini Suryandari<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 042 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Risky Rohmad<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>( A 101 14 043 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wijna Perbawati<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 055 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yuniana setyani<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>( A 101 14 059 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yuriska<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 060 )</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 319.9pt; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akademi Analis Kesehatan Nasional Surakarta</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2010</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal adalah sepasang organ saluran kemih yang tarletak di rongga retroperitoneal bagian atas. Bentuknya menyerupai kacang dengan sisi cekungnya menghadap ke medial. Pada sisi ini terdapat hilus ginjal yaitu tempat struktur-struktur pembuluh darah, sistem limfatik, sistem saraf dan ureter menuju dan meningalkan ginjal (Basuki 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal merupakan organ vital yang berperan sangat penting dalam mempertahankan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kestabilan lingkungan dalam tubuh. Ginjal mengatur keseimbangan cairan tubuh,elektrolit,dan asam basa dengan cara filtrasi darah,reabsorsi selektif air,elektrolit dan non elektrolit,serta mengekskresi kelebihannya sebagai urine. Ginjal juga mengeluarkan produk sisa metabolisme (misal,urea,kreatinin dan asam urat) dan zat kimia asing. Akhirnya,selain fungsi regulasi dan ekskresi,ginjal juga mengsekresi renin (penting untuk mengatur tekanan darah),bentuk aktif vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (penting untuk mengatur kalsium serta eritropoietin) penting untuk sintesis eritrosit). Kegagalan ginjal dalam melaksanakan fungsi-fungsi vital ini menimbulkan keadaan yang disebut uremia atau penyakit ginjal stadium akhir (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">end stagede renal disease,</i> ESRD). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan organ pada tubuh manusia yang menjalankan banyak fungsi untuk homeostasis, yang terutama adalah sebagai organ ekskresi dan pengatur kesetimbangan cairan dan asam basa dalam tubuh. Terdapat sepasang ginjal pada manusia, masing-masing di sisi kiri dan kanan (lateral) tulang vertebra dan terletak retroperitoneal (di belakang peritoneum). Selain itu sepasang ginjal tersebut dilengkapi juga dengan sepasang ureter, sebuah vesika urinaria (buli-buli/kandung kemih) dan uretra yang membawa urine ke lingkungan luar tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal merupakan organ yang berbentuk seperti kacang, terdapat sepasang (masing-masing satu di sebelah kanan dan kiri vertebra) dan posisinya retroperitoneal. Ginjal kanan terletak sedikit lebih rendah (kurang lebih 1 cm) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dibanding</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ginjal kiri, hal ini disebabkan adanya hati yang mendesak ginjal sebelah kanan. Kutub atas ginjal kiri adalah tepi atas iga 11 (vertebra T12), sedangkan kutub atas ginjal kanan adalah tepi bawah iga 11 atau iga 12. Adapun kutub bawah ginjal kiri adalah processus transversus vertebra L2 (kira-kira 5 cm dari krista iliaka) sedangkan kutub bawah ginjal kanan adalah pertengahan vertebra L3. Dari batas-batas tersebut dapat terlihat bahwa ginjal kanan posisinya lebih rendah dibandingkan ginjal kiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 512px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 384.1pt;" valign="top" width="512"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syntopi ginjal</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 107.1pt;" valign="top" width="143"><br />
</td> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 134.5pt;" valign="top" width="179"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal kiri</span></div></td> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 142.5pt;" valign="top" width="190"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal kanan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 107.1pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anterior </span></div></td> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 134.5pt;" valign="top" width="179"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding dorsal gaster </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pankreas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limpa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vasa lienalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uusus halus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fleksura lienalis</span></div></td> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 142.5pt;" valign="top" width="190"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus kanan hati </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duodenum pars descendens</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fleksura hepatica</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus halus</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 107.1pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Posterior</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="height: 22.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 277.0pt;" valign="top" width="369"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diafragma, m.psoas major, m. quadratus lumborum, m. transversus abdominis(aponeurosis), n.subcostalis, n.iliohypogastricus, a.subcostalis, aa.lumbales 1-2(3), iga 12 (ginjal kanan) dan iga 11-12 (ginjal kiri).</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum, ginjal terdiri dari beberapa bagian:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korteks, yaitu bagian ginjal di mana di dalamnya terdapat/terdiri dari korpus renalis/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malpighi (glomerulus dan kapsul Bowman), tubulus kontortus proksimal dan tubulus kontortus distalis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Medula, yang terdiri dari 9-14 pyiramid. Di dalamnya terdiri dari tubulus rektus, lengkung Henle dan tubukus pengumpul (ductus colligent).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Columna renalis, yaitu bagian korteks di antara pyramid ginjal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Processus renalis, yaitu bagian pyramid/medula yang menonjol ke arah korteks</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilus renalis, yaitu suatu bagian/area di mana pembuluh darah, serabut saraf atau duktus memasuki/meninggalkan ginjal.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Papilla renalis, yaitu bagian yang menghubungkan antara duktus pengumpul dan calix minor.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calix minor, yaitu percabangan dari calix major.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calix major, yaitu percabangan dari pelvis renalis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelvis renalis, disebut juga piala ginjal, yaitu bagian yang menghubungkan antara calix major dan ureter.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter, yaitu saluran yang membawa urine menuju vesica urinaUnit fungsional ginjal disebut nefron. Nefron terdiri dari korpus renalis/Malpighi (yaitu glomerulus dan kapsul Bowman), tubulus kontortus proksimal, lengkung Henle, tubulus kontortus distal yang bermuara pada tubulus pengumpul. Di sekeliling tubulus ginjal tersebut terdapat pembuluh kapiler,yaitu arteriol (yang membawa darah dari dan menuju glomerulus) serta kapiler peritubulus (yang memperdarahi jaringan ginjal) Berdasarkan letakya nefron dapat dibagi menjadi: (1) nefron kortikal, yaitu nefron di mana korpus renalisnya terletak di korteks yang relatif jauh dari medula serta hanya sedikit saja bagian lengkung Henle yang terbenam pada medula, dan (2) nefron juxta medula, yaitu nefron di mana korpus renalisnya terletak di tepi medula, memiliki lengkung Henle yang terbenam jauh ke dalam medula dan pembuluh-pembuluh darah panjang dan lurus yang disebut sebagai vasa rekta.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal diperdarahi oleh arteri atau vena renalis. A. renalis merupakan percabangan dari aorta abdominal, sedangkan v.renalis akan bermuara pada vena cava inferior. Setelah memasuki ginjal melalui hilus, a.renalis akan bercabang menjadi arteri sublobaris yang akan memperdarahi segmen-segmen tertentu pada ginjal, yaitu segmen superior, anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, inferior serta posterior.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal memiliki persarafan simpatis dan parasimpatis. Untuk persarafan simpatis ginjal melalui segmen T10-L1 atau L2, melalui n.splanchnicus major, n.splanchnicus imus dan n.lumbalis. Saraf ini berperan untuk vasomotorik dan aferen viseral. Sedangkan persarafan simpatis melalui n.vagus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi ginjal dalam tubuh kita yaitu membuang sisa-sisa metabolisme tubuh melalui urine, mengontrol sekresi hormon-hormon aldosterm dan ADH (Anti Dheretic Hormone) dalam mengatur jumlah cairan tubuh, mengatur metabolisme ion kalsium dan vitamin D menghasilkan beberapa hormon, antara lain:eritropoitin yang berperan dalam pembentukan sel darah merah, renin yang berperan dalam mengatur tekanan darah, serta hormon prostaglandin (Wiwick,2009).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi eksresi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan osmalalitas plasma</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan pH plasma 7,4 dengan mengeluarkan kelebihan H<sup>+</sup> membentuk HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengeluarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk akhir nitrogen dari metabolisme urea, asam urat dan kreatinin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi non ekresi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghasilakan renin, eritropoetin dan prostalgin degradasi insulin dan metabolisme vitamin D betuk aktif (Wilson, 1995).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi utama ginjal adalah mengekskresikan zat sisa metabolisme dan zat-zat lain yang berbahaya terhadap tubuh, sambil mempertahankan konstituen darah yang masih berguna. Selain itu ginjal juga memilik fungsi endokrin yang penting walaupun penyakit ginjal sering mengakibatkan terrjadinnya kegagalan dari ketiga fungsi utama tersebut, sering juga didapatkan satu keadaan dimana penyakit ginjal dipengaruhi 2 fungsi. Yang pertama tanpa mempengaruhi fungsi yang ketiga. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">fungsi glomerulus-eliminasi toksin atau sisa metabolisme :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variabel utama yang menggambarkan efisiensi dalam pembuangan zat sisa metabolisme adalah laju filtrasi glomerulus (glomerular filtration rate)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GFR. Tes yang paling sering digunakan untuk mengukur DFR adalah pengukuran kreatinin serum, yang merupakan hasil akhir metabolisme otot lurik ( kadarnnya lebih tinggi pada individu dengan massa otot yang besar). Hubungan antara kreatinin serum dan GFR tidak linier, dan sangatlah penting untuk mengetahui penurunan DFR yang signifikan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat terjadi sbelum terjadinnya kenaikan kreatinin serum. Apabila diduga ada gangguan GFR, tidaklah cukup mengandalkan kreatinin plasma, sebaiknnya dfigunakan metode pengukuran GFR lain yang lebih akurat seperti bersihan, kreatinin ( creatinine clearanse ). Prinsip dasar pada metode pengukuran ini adalah bahwa kreatinin adalah suatu molekul inert yang difiltrasi secara pasif oleh ginjal, dan DFR dapat dihitungt dengan mengetahui jumlah kreatinin urine ( urin<sub>cr </sub>) dan kosentrasi kreatinin plasma ( Pcr) selama 24 jam dengan rumus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GFR = ( urin<sub>cr </sub>Xvolume uri n ) /P<sub>cr</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran bersihan kreatinin biasannya cukup akurat dalam prktek klinis sehari-se3hari, walaupun perhitungan GFR dengan cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini dapat memberi hasil yang lebih besar daripadaa GFR sbebenarnnya sampai 100 %. Pada penyakit ginjal yang bparah, akibat sekresi kreatinin oleh tubulus ginjal ( sehingga terjadi estimasi yang berlebih dari jumlah kreatinin urine yang dihasilkan dari filtrasi glomerulus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi glomerulus-koservasi kostituen darah normal :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi glomerulus dapat terganggu sehingga protein plasma tidak dapat lagi dipertahankan. Kebocoran protein ini dapat bervariasi mulai dari yang ringan, signifikan sebagai tanda-tanda penyakit ginjal sampai yang sangat berat yang berhubungan dengan hipoalbuminnemia yang hebat serta edema yang cukup berat. Selain fungsi glomerulus yang terganggu proteinnuria ringan dapat terjadi akibat gangguan tubulus dan fenomenal over flow (misalnnya :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mieloma multipel, rantai ringan lg k atau : leukimia akut, lizozimoria). Ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">iga jenis proteinnuria ringan ini dibadakan dari elektroforensis. Tes dipstik urin terutama mendeteksi albumin, yang ditemukan pada penyakit glomerulus dan tidak ditemukan pada penyakit tubulus atau mieloma multipel. Apabila ada kecurigaan terhadap keadaan tersebut , sebaiknnya dilakukan tes elektroforensis urine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemampuan ginjal mengkosentrasikan urine; lengkung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanlai, melelui mekanisme arus balik counter curren, mempertahankan geradie osmosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meningkat dari korteks sampai medula ekskresi air di atur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di duktus koligentes, yang berjalanmelalui medula, dan permeabilitas terhadapa aiar di atur oleh hormon anti diuretik ( anti deuretic hormone [ADH]</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan ginjal mengkonsentrasikana urinterganggu pada berbagai penyakit intrinsik, terutama penyakit tubulointerstisial, serta pada defisiensi atau gangguan fungsional dari ADH ( diabetes insipidus ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan ginjal mengkonsentrasikan urine dapat diukur dari :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osmolaritas urine pagi hari, yang merupakan tes paling mudah dan aman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan mengkonsentrasikan urine dalam keadaan kekurangan cairan selama 24 jam yang kurang nyaman ( sehingga pertujuan pasien ini sangat penting ) dan dapat emnyebabkan gagal ginjal hipopolemik. Biasannya untuk tes ini pasien di observasi di rumah sakit. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi konservasi asam amino:salah satu fungsi utama tubulus proksimal dan distal adalah mempertahankan keseimbamgan asam basa.pada gagal ginjal tahap loanjut ditemukan retensi asam-asam hasil metabolisme (sehingga mengeksasergasi penyakit tulang-ginjal) yang bisa memicu depresi miokardiunm dan kematian. Bila tidak ada kegagalan filtrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lesitubulus spesifik dapat menyebabkan retensi asam-asam hasil metabolisme keadaan ini disebut asidosis tubulus ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi kontrol elektrolit :ginjal merupakan pengendali utama kalium, karena di ginjal terjadi sekresi kalium kedalam cairan tubulus yang ditukar oleh ion natrium dan hidrogen, serta proses regulasi PH urine. Pada gagal ginjal tahap lanjut, tubulus distal tidak dapat lagi menukar K<sup>+</sup> atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup> untuk NA<sup>+ </sup>Tubulus sehingga menyebabkan hiperkelemia yang berat yang dapat memicu henti jantung. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi hormonal :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ginjal memiliki fungsi hormonal, terutama dalam produksi renin, eritropoietin dan 1α hidroksilasi vitamin B dari nbentuk inaktif menjadi aktif. Apabuila fungsi ginjal terganggu secara umum, produksi hormon ginjal biasannya berkurang sehingga memicu terjadinnya anemia, dan mengekssaserbasi penyakit tulang ginjal. Hormon lain, terutama sistem renin-angetoensin,berperan dalam mengontrol tekanan darah. Penyakit ginjal seperti inskemia ginajl misalnnya stenosis arteri renalis unirateral atau glumerulonefritis biasannya berhubungan dengan hipertensi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme Kerja Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 17.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 25.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran darah ginjal 25 persen dari curah (output) jantung. Aliran ini melintas glomerulus, dimana perbedaan antra tekanan hidrostatik dan osmotik menghasilkan filtrat glomerular. Darah dalam arteriol eferen masuk kedalam aliran kapiler, yang kemudian memasok bagian-bagian lain nefron dalam korteks pada tekanan yang agak lebih rendah. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filtrasi Glomerulus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah yang masuk ke dalam nefron melalui arteriol aferen dan selanjutnya menuju glomerulus akan mengalami filtrasi, tekanan darah pada arteriol aferen relatif cukup tinggi sedangkan pada arteriol eferen relatif lebih rendah, sehingga keadaan ini menimbulkan filtrasi pada glomerulus. Cairan filtrasi dari glomerulus akan masuk menuju tubulus, dari tubulus masuk kedalam ansa henle, tubulus distal, duktus koligentes, pelvis ginjal, ureter, vesica urinaria, dan akhirnya keluar berupa urine. Membran glomerulus mempunyai ciri khas yang berbeda dengan <span class="nw">lapisan pembuluh darah lain, yaitu terdiri dari: lapisan endotel kapiler, membranebasalis, lapisan epitel yang melapisi permukaan capsula bowman. Permiabilitasmembarana glomerulus 100-1000 kali lebih permiabel dibandingkan denganpermiabilitas kapiler pada jaringan lain Laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR= Glomerulus Filtration Rate) dapat diukurdengan menggunakan zat-zat yang dapat difiltrasi glomerulus, akan tetapi tidakdisekresi maupu direabsorpsi oleh tubulus. Kemudian jumlah zat yang terdapatdalam urin diukur persatuan waktu dan dibandingkan dengan jumlah zat yangterdapat dalam cairan plasma.</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan GFR (Glomerulus Filtration Rate)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rata-rata </span><span class="nw">GFR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> normal pada laki-laki sekitar 125 ml/menit. GFR pada Wanita lebih rendah dibandingkan pada pria. Factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi besarnya GFR antara lain ukuran anyaman kapiler, permiabilitas kapiler, tekanan hidrostatik, dan tekanan osmotik yang terdapat di dalam atau diluar lumen kapiler. Proses terjadinya filtrasi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh adanya berbagai tekanan sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan kapiler pada glomerulus 50 mm HG</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan pada capsula bowman 10 mmHG</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan osmotic koloid plasma 25 mmHG</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga </span><span class="nw">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> diatas berperan penting dalam laju peningkatan filtrasi. Semakin tinggi tekanan kapiler pada glomerulus semakin meningkat filtrasi dan sebaliknya semakin tinggi tekanan pada capsula bowman. serta tekanan osmotic koloid plasma akan menyebabkan semakin rendahnya filtrasi yang terjadi pada glomerulus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komposisi Filtrat Glomerulus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 25.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam cairan </span><span class="nw">filtrate</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tidak ditemukan erytrocit, sedikit mengandung protein (1/200 protein plasma). Jumlah elektrolit dan zat-zat terlarut lainya sama dengan yang terdapat dalam cairan interstitisl pada umunya. Dengan demikian komposisi cairan filtrate glomerulus hampir sama dengan plasma kecuali jumlah protein yang terlarut. Sekitar 99% cairan filtrate tersebut direabsorpsi kembali ke dalam tubulus ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju filtrasi glomerulus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju filtrasi glomerulus sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan glomerulus: semakin tinggi tekanan glomerulus semakin tinggi laju filtrasi, semakin tinggi tekanan osmotic koloid plasmasemakin menurun laju filtrasi, dan semakin tinggi tekanan capsula bowman semakin menurun laju filtrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aliran dara ginjal: semakin cepat aliran daran ke glomerulussemakin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">meningkat laju filtrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan arteriol aferen: apabial terjadi vasokontriksi arteriol aferen akan menyebabakan aliran darah ke glomerulus menurun. Keadaan ini akan menyebabakan laju filtrasi glomerulus menurun begitupun sebaliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan arteriol efferent: pada kedaan vasokontriksi arteriol eferen akan terjadi peningkatan laju filtrasi glomerulus begitupun sebaliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh perangsangan simpatis, rangsangan simpatis ringan dan sedang akan menyebabkan vasokontriksi arteriol aferen sehingga menyebabkan penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan tekanan arteri, peningkatan tekanan arteri melalui autoregulasi akan menyebabkan vasokontriksi pembuluh darah arteriol aferen sehinnga menyebabkan penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reabsorpsi Dan Sekresi Dalam Tubulus </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hampir 99% dari cairan filtrate direabsorpsi kembali bersama zat-zat yang terlarut didalam cairan filtrate tersebut. Akan tetapi tidak semua zat-zat yang terlarut dapat direabsorpsi dengan sempurna, antara lain glukosa dan asam amino. Mekanisme terjadinya reabsorpsi pada tubulus melalui dua cara yaitu: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transfort aktif </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat-zat yang mengalami transfort aktif pada tubulus proksimal yaitu ion Na+, K+, PO4-, NO3-, glukosa dan asam amino. Terjadinya difusi ion-ion khususnya ion Na+, melalui sel tubulus kedalam pembuluh kapiler peritubuler disebabkan perbedaan ptensial listrik didalam epitel tubulus (-70mvolt) dan diluar sel (-3m volt). Perbedaan electrochemical gradient ini membentu terjadinya proses difusi. Selain itu perbedaan konsentrasi ion Na+ didalam dan diluar sel tubulus membantu meningkatkan proses difusi tersebut. Meningkatnya difusi natrium diesbabkan permiabilitas sel tubuler terhadap ion natrium relative tinggi. Keadaan ini dimungkinkan karena terdapat banyak mikrovilli yang memperluas permukaan tubulus. Proses ini memerlukan energi dan dapat berlangsung terus-menerus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Transfor pasif </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadinya transport pasif ditentukan oleh jumlah konsentrasi air yang ada pada lumen tubulus, permiabilitas membrane tubulus terhadap zat yang terlarut dalam cairan filtrate dan perbedaan muatan listrik pada dinding sel tubulus. Zat yang mengalami transfor pasif, misalnya ureum,sedangkan air keluar dari lumen tubulusmelalui prosese osmosis. Perbedan potensial listrik didalam lumen tubulus dibandingkan diluar lumen tubulus menyebabkan terjadinya proses dipusi ion Na+ dari lumen tubulus kedalam sel epitel tubulus dan selanjutnya menuju kedalam sel peritubulus. Bersamaan dengan perpindahan ion Na+ diikuti pula terbawanya ion Cl-, HCO3- kedalam kapiler peritubuler. Kecepatan reabsorsi ini ditentukan pula oleh perbedaan potensial listrik yang terdapat didalam dan diluar lumen tubulus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 54.0pt;"><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan sekresi tubulus melalui proses: sekresi aktif dan sekresi pasif.Sekresi aktif merupakan kebalikan dari transpor aktif. Dalam proses ini terjadisekresi darikapiler peritubuler kelumen tubulus. Sedangkan sekresi pasifmelaluiproses difusi. IonNH3- yang disintesa dalam sel tubulus selanjutnya masukkedalam lumen tubulus melalui proses difusi. Dengan masuknya ion NH3-kedalam lumen tubulus akan membantu mengatur tingkat keasaman cairantubulus. Kemampuan reabsorpsi dan sekresi zat-zat dalam berbagai segmentubulus berbeda-beda.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -17.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epidemiologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Amerika Serikat, data tahun 1995-1999 menyatakan insidens penyakit Ginjal kronik diperkirkirakan 100 kasus perjuta penduduk pertahun, dan angka ini meningkat sekitar 8% setiap tahunnya. Dimalaysia, dengan populasi 18 juta, diperkirakan terdapat 1800 kasus baru gagal ginjal pertahunnya. Di negara-negara berkembang lainya, insiden ini diperkirakan sekitar 40-60 kasus perjuta penduduk per tahun.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 519px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 389.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="519"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel Klasifikasi Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Atas Dasar Diagnosis Etiologi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe Mayor (contoh)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit Ginjal</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diabetes tipe 1 dan 2</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diabetes</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit ginjal </span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit glomerular</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">non diabetes</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(penyakit otoimun, infeksi sistematik, obat, neoplasia)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit vescular</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(penyakit pembuluh darah besar, hipertensi,</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mikroangiopati)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit tubulointerstitial</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(pielonefritis kronik, batu, obstruksi, keracunan obat)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit kistik</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(ginjal polikstik)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit pada</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rejeksi kronik</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transplantasi</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keracunan obat (siklosporin/takrolimus)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit <i>recurrent</i> (glomerular)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="143"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="376"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transplant glomerulopathy</span></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi penyakit ginjal kronik sangat bervariasi antara satu negara dengan negara lain. Tabel 4 menunjukkan penyebab utama dan insiden penyakit ginjal kronik di Amerika Serikat.Sedangkan Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia (Pernefri) tahun 2000 mencatat penyebab gagal ginjal yang menjalani hemodialisis di indonesia, seperti pada tabel 5.Dikelompokkan pada sebab lain di antaranya, nefritis lupus, nefropati urat, intoksikasi obat, penyakit ginjal bawaan, tumor ginjal, dan penyebab yang tidak diketahui.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 518px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 388.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="518"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel Penyebab Utama Penyakit Ginjal Kronik di Amerika Serikat (1995-1999)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insiden</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diabetes mellitus</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">44%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -tipe 1 (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7%)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -tipe 2 ( 37%)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi dan penyakit pembuluh darah besar</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glomerulonefritis</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nefritis Interstitialis</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kista dan penyakit bawaan lain</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit sistematik (misal : lupus dan vaskulitis)</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neoplasma</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak Diketahui</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="379"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit lain</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="140"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4%</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 525px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 393.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="525"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel Penyebab Gagal Ginjal yang Menjalani Hemodialisis di Indonesia Th.2000</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insiden</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glomerulonefritis</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">46,39%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diabetes Mellitus</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18,65%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obstruksi dan Infeksi</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,85%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,46%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 279.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="373"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebab lain</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13,65%</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran kemih (pielonefritis kronis)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit peradangan (glomerulonefritis) primer dan sekunder<br />
Glomerulonefritis adalah peradangan ginjal bilateral, biasanya timbul pasca infeksi streptococcus. Untuk glomerulus akut, gangguan fifiologis utamanya dapat mengakibatkan ekskresi air, natrium dan zat-zat nitrogen berkurang sehingga timbul edema dan azotemia, penigkatan aldoeteron menyebabkan retensi air dan natrium. Untuk glomerulonefritis kronik, ditandai dengan kerusakan glomerulus secara progresif lambat, akan nampak ginjal mengkerut, berat lebig kurang dengan permukaan bergranula. Ini disebabkan jumlah nefron berkurang karena iskemia, karena tubulus mengalami atropi, fibrosis intestisial dan penebalan dinding arteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit vaskuler hipertensif (nefrosklerosis, stenosis arteri renalis)<br />
Merupakan penyakit primer dan menyebabkan kerusakan pada ginjal. Sebaiknya GGK dapat menyebabkan hipertensi melalui mekanisme. Retensi Na dan H2O, pengaruh vasopresor dari system rennin, angiotensin dan defisiensi prostaclandin, keadaan ini merupakan salah satu penyebab utama GGK, terutama pada populasi bukan orang kulit putih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan jaringan penyambung (SLE, poliarteritis nodusa, sklerosis sitemik)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit kongenital dan herediter (penyakit ginjal polikistik, asidosis tubulus ginjal) Penyakit ginjal polikistik yang ditandai dengan kista multiple, bilateral yang mengadakan ekspansi dan lambat laun mengganggu dan menghancurkan parenkim ginjal normal akibat penekanan. Asidosis tubulus ginjal merupakan gangguan ekskresi H+ dari tubulus ginjal/kehilangan HCO3 dalam kemih walaupun GFR yang mamadai tetap dipertahankan, akibatnya timbul asidosis metabolic.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit metabolik (DM, gout, hiperparatiroidisme)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefropati toksik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefropati obstruktif (batu saluran kemih)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Predosposisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor resiko dari ginjal adalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usia </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal ginjal kronoik 50% sampai dengan 60% diderita oleh penduduk berusia lebih dari 40 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prevalensi gagal ginjal kronik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih banyak terjadi pada laki-laki dewasa muda sampai dengan umur 65 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes militus dan Hipertensi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diabetes melitus dan Hipertensi merupakan penyebab utama penyakit ginkjal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kronik. Pada penderita diabetes melitus kadar gula di dalam tubuh meningkat, sehingga terjadi penimbunan gula di dalam pembuluh darah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan fungsi ginjal dalam menyaring zat-zat racun tidak berfungsi secara normal sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar ureum dalam darah. Sedangkan pada penderita hipertensi terjadi penyempitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuluh darah dan tekanan darah menjadi tinggi yang menyebabkan fungsi jantung dalam memompa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah terganggu sehingga terjadi penimbunan ureum dalam darah dan menyebabkan penyakit gagal ginajal kronik (Budiyanto, 2002)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian Gagal Ginjal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal Ginjal menurut waktu kejadiannya, dibagi menjadi 2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal Ginjal Akut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acute Renal Failure </i>= ARF)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal ginjal akut secara khas diytandai oleh kemunduran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi ginjal secara cepat dan mendadak serta kerusakan progresif dalam status elektrolik, asam basa dan volume. Ditandai oleh naiknya serum dengan cepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PRA RENAL</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan yang terjadi sebelum ginjal yang disebabkan oleh </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal jantung dengan penurunan curah jantung dan tekanan darah rendah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan yang berhubungan dengan penurunan volume darah seperti pada pendrahan hebat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RENAL</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindrom hemolitik-uremik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefritis interstisialis akut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nekrosis tubulus akut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POST RENAL</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obsruksi saluaran kemih akut akibat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbatan pada prostat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu ginjal dan ureter</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumor pelvis ginal, ureter atau kandung kemih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekuan darah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecelakaan pembedahan (misalnya terkenanya ureter saat melakukan pembedahan) (Parakrama, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 80.15pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal Ginjal Kronik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah kemunduran fungsi ginjal yang progresif dan tidak reversibel yang disebabkan oleh berbagai jenis penyakit. Penyakit yang mendasari sering sulit dikenali bila gagal ginjal telah parah. Bila laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) turun dibawah 25-30% dari angka normal , ginjal mungkin tidak mampu mengeksresi sisa-siisa nitrogen, mengatur voleme dan elektrolit serta mengeluarkan hormon. Bila GFR mencapai 10% dari normal, dapat terjadi uremia yang mengelurkan dialisis (Stein, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefropatik diabetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefritis interstisialis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubolointerstisialis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindrom Alport</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefrosklerosis hipertensif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.1pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(John, 2005)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 90.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tinjauan mengenai perjalanan umum gagl ginjal kronik dapat dapat diperoleh dengan melihat hubungan antara bersihan kreatinin dengan laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) sebagai presentase keadaan normal, terhadap kreatinin serum dan kadar nitrogen urea darah (BUN) karena masa nefron rusak seacara progresif oleh penyakit ginjal kronik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perjalanan kliniks umum ginjal progresif dapat dibagi menjadi tiga stadium </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium pertama </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebut stadium cadangan ginjal pada stadium ini kreatinin serum dan kadar BUN normal dan pasien asimtomatik. Gangguan fungsi ginjal hanya dapat terdeteksi dengan memberi beban kerjaa yang berat pada ginjal tersebut, seperti test pemekatan urin yang lama dengan mengadakan tes GFR yang teliti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium kedua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.6pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan tersebut disebut insufisiensi ginjal, bila lebih dari 75% jaringan yang berfungsi telah rusak (GFR besarnya 25% dari normal). Pada tahap ini kadar BUN baru mulai meningkat diatas batas normal. Peningkatan konsentrasi BUN ini berbeda-beda, bergantung pada kadar protein dalam makanan. Pada stadium ini, kadar kreatinin juga mulai meningkat melebihi kadar normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium ketiga</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 60.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan stadium akhir gagal ginjal progresif disebut ERSD atau uremia. ERSD terjadi apabila sekitar 90% dari masa nefron telah hancur, atau hanya sekitar 200.000 nefron yang masih utuh. Nilai GFR hanya 10% dari keadaan normal, dan bersihan kreatinin mungkin sebesar 5-10 ml permenit atau kurang. Pada keadaan ini, keadan kreatini dan kadar BUN akan meningkat dengan sangat melonjok sebagai respon terhadap GFR yang mengalami penurunan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; text-indent: 26.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat dua pendekatan teoritis yang umumnya diajukan untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjelaskan gangguan fungsi ginjal pada ginjal kronik. Sudut pandangan tradisional mengatakan bahwa semua unit nefron terserang penyakit namun dalam stadium yang berbeda-beda, dan bagian-bagian spesifik dari nefron yang berkaitan dengan fungsi tertentu dapat saj benar-benar rusak atau berubah strukturnya misalnya,lesi organik pada medula akan merusak susunan anatomik pada lengkung henle dan fasarekta, atau ompha klorida pada pars ascendens lengkung henle yang akan mengganggu proses aliran balik pemekat dan aliran balik penukar. Pendekatan kedua dikenal dengan nama hipotesis bricker atau hipotesis nefron yang utuh, yang berpendapat bahwa nefron terserang penyakit, maka seluruh unitnnya akan hancur, namun sisa nefron yang masih utuh tetap bekerja normal. Uremia akan terjadi bila jumlah nefron sudah sangat berkurang sehingga keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit tidak dapat dipertahankan lagi.hipotesis nefron yang utuh ini sangat berguna untuk menjelaskan pola adaptasi fungsional pada penyakit ginjal progresif, yaitu kemampuan untuk memepertahankan keseimbangan air dan elektrolit tubuh kendati GFR sangat menurun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; text-indent: 26.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urutan peristiwa dalam patofisilogi gagal ginjal progresif dapat diuraikan dari segi hipotesis nefron yang utuh. Meskipun penyakit ginjal kronik terus berlanjut, namun jumlah zat terlarut yang harus diekskresi oleh ginjal untuk memepertahankan homeostasis tidaklah berubah, kendati jumlah nefron yang bertugas melakukan fungsi tersebut sudah menurun secara progresif. Dua adaptasi penting dilakukan oleh ginjal sebagai respon terhadap ancaman ketidakseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit sisa nefron yang ada mengalami hipertrofi dalam usahannya untuk melaksanakan beban kerja ginjal. Terjadi peningkatan kecepatan filtrasi, beban zat terlarut dan reabsorpsi tubulus dalam setiap nefron meskipun GFR untuk seluruh massa nefron yang terdapat dlam ginjal turun dibawah nilai normal. Mekanisme adaptasi ini cukup berhasil dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Hingga tingkat fungsi ginjal yang sangat rendah. Namun akhirnnya kalau sekitar 75% massa nefron sudah hancur maka kecepatan filtrasi dan beban zat terlarut bagi setiap nefron demikian tinggi sehingga keseimbangan glomerulus tubulus ( keseimbangan antara peningkatan antara filtrasi dan peningkatan reabsorbsi oleh tubulus ) tidak dapat lagi dipertahankan. Fleksibilitas baik pada proses ekskresi maupun proses konservasi zat terlarut dan air menjadi berkurang. Sedikit perubahan pada makanan dapat mengubah keseimbangan yang rawan tersebut, karena makin rendah GFR ( yang berarti makin sedikit nefron yang ada ) semakin besar perubahan kecepatan eskresin per nefron. Hilangnnya kemampuan memekatkan atau mengencerkan urine menyebabkan berat jenis urine tetap pada nilai 1010 atau 285 mOsm( yaitu sama dengan kosentrasi plasma ) dan merupakan penyebab gejala poliuria dan nocturia. Sebagai contoh, seseorang dengan makanan normal mengekskresi zat terlarut sekitar 600 mOsm per hari. Kalau orang itu tidak dapat lagi memekatkan urinnya dari osmolalitas plasma normal besar 285 mOsm, maka tanpa memandang banyaknnya asupan air akan terdapat kehilangan obligatorik 2 liter air untuk ekskresi zat terlarut 600 mOsm ( 285 mOsm / liter ). Sebagai respon dari zat terlarut yang sama dan keadaan kekurangan cairan , orang normal dapat memekatkan urine sampai 4 kali lipat kosentrasi plasma dan demikian hanya akan mengekskresi sedikit urine yang pekat bila GFR terus turun sampai akhirnnya mencapai nol, maka semakin perlu mengatur asupan cairan dan zat terlarut secara tepat untuk mampu mengakomodasikan penurunan fleksibilitas fungsi ginjal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; text-indent: 26.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi normal dari ginjal adalah mempertahankan keseimbangan natrium dan air, pengaturan tekanan darah, ekskresi zat sisa metabolisme nitrogen, ekskresi kalium dan asam, dan fungsi hormonal dalam bentuk produksi eritropoietin sertametabolisme vitamin D. Pada CFR, gangguan dapat terjadi pada fungsi manapun bahkan pada semuafungsi tersebut yang menghasilkan gejala-gejala:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegagalan mengatur ekskresi air dan garam sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya edema (baik edema parifer mauun edema paru) atau juga dapat menyebabkan kehilangan cairan walaupun lebih jarang terjadi. Kegagal untruk mengkonsentrasikan urin menyebabkan nokturia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi cukup sering terjadi dan terkadang cukup besar sehingga menyebabkan ensefalopati. Penyakit kardiovaskuler prematur(terutama penyakit arteri koronaria) merupakan penyebab tingginya kematua pad CFR ; hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh dislipidemia (yang sering ditemukan pada CFR). Hipertensi, anemia kronis, gangguan metabolisme kalsium, dan aktivasi sistem renin angiostensin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akumulasi zat-zat sisa metabolisme nitrogen di dalam darah (dan produk-produk metabolik lainnya dengan berat molekul 500-2000-‘molekul berat sedang’) menimbulkan gejala-gejala seperti ensefalopati, cegukan, perikarditis, mual, muntah, pritus, malaise, impotensi, gangguan menstruasi, dan neuropati(campuran motorik dan sensorik). Uremia menyebabkan anoreksia dan gangguan yang kompleks dalam metabolisme protein, sehingga terjadi malnutrisi, dimana terdapt kesulitan untuk mempertahankan masa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tubuh yang ideal. Pemakaian protein dari otot menyebabakan rasa lemah dan malas beraktivitas, yang semakin menyebabkan mas otot.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: center 103.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis metabolik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperkalemia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia, terutama akibat defisiensi eritopoientin, ditambah dengan masa hidup sel darah merah menjadi lebih pendek, terkadang juga terdapat defisiensi besi akibat perdarahan saluran pencernaan dan sebagainya </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat peningkatan pada kecenderungan terjadinya perdarahan, terutama akibat disfungsi trombosit dan menurunnya aktivasi von Willebrand</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi sering terjadi, karena gangguan sistem imunitas humoral dan selular.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala CFR dapat timbul secara perlaha, atau dapat timbul sebagai keadaan gawat darurat akibat ureum dengan komplikasi yang mengancam jiwa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelinan Kliniks pada Uremia</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uremia adalah suatu sindrom klinik dan laboratorik yang terjadi pada semua organ, akibat penurunan fungsi ginjal pada penyakit ginjal kronik, penyajian dan hebatnya tanda dan gejala uremia berbeda dari pasien yang satu dengan pasien yang lain, tergantung paling tidak sebagian pada besarnya penurunan massa ginjal yang masih berfungsi dan kecepatan hilangnya fungsi ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uremia merupakan suatu keadaan kronik yang berkaitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan meningkatnya urea di dalam darah. Pada uremia lanjut, sebagian fungsi dari semua organ tubuh dapat menjadi abnormal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.4pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua kelompok gajala kliniks dapat terjadi pada sindrom uremia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala yang paling nyata adalah gangguan fungsi pengaturan dan ekskresi; kelainan volume cairan dan elektrolit, ketidakseimbangan asam-basa, retensi metabolik lainnya, serta anemia yang diebabkan defisiensi sekresi ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gabungan kelainan kardiovaskuler, neuromuskular, saluran cerna dan kelainan lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre renal</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegagalan sirkulasi darah akut : syok</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dehidrasi dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit : muntah, diare</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan ke dalam traktus gastrointestinal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nekrosis jaringan yang masif : ganreng di tungkak, infrak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pielonefritis kronik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit vaskuler </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulonefritis akut dan kronik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Post renal : Batu ginjal (Thomson, 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nitrogen Ureum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metabolisme Ureum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir seluruh urea dibentuk di dalam hati, dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>katabolisme asam-asam amino dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan produk eksresi metabolisme protein yang utama. Konsentrasi urea dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serum darah terutama menggambarkan keseimbangan antara pembentukan urea dan katabolisme protein serta eksresi urea oleh ginjal:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejumlah urea dimetabolisme lebih lanjut dan sejumlah kecil hilang dalam keringat dan feses (Baron, 1990)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar Ureum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kadar nitrogen urea dalam serum adalah 8-20 mg/dl. Di Amerika Serikat hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penetapan disebut sebagai nitrogen ureum dalam darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blood<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ureum Nitrogen</i> (BUN). Penurunan kadar BUN dapat disebabkan oleh kerusakan hati yang berat, diet rendah protein, malnutrisi, dan kehamilan. Sedangkan peningaktan kadar BUN dapat terjadi pada dehidrasi. Konsumsi protein yang tinggi, gagal ginjal, dan glomerulonefritis (Baron, 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi Kliniks</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hemapoetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya produksi eritropoetin, sehingga rangsangan eritropoetis pada sumsum tulang menurun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemolisis, akibat berkurangnya masa hidup eritrisit dalam suasana uremia toksik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Defisiensi besi, asam folat dan lain-lain akibat nafsu makan yang berkurang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perdarahan saluran cerna dan kulit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 66.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abrosis sum-sum tulang akibat hiperparatiroidisme sekunder.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Purpura / diatesis hemoragic trombositopenia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 115.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 115.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan saluran cerna</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mual, muntah, anoreksia dan vomitus yang berhubungan dengan gangguan metabolism bakteri usus seperti ammonia dan metal quinidin seperti lembarnya membrane mukosa usus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fosfor uremik disebabkan ureum yang berlebihan pada air liur, diubah oleh bakteri di mulut manjadi ammonia sehingga nafas berbau ammonia, akibat lain adalah timbulnya stomatitis dan parotitis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cegukan (hiccup) sebabnya yang pasti belum diketahui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pruritus / gatal – gatal dengan ekskuriasi akibat toksin uremia dan pengendapan kalsium di pori-pori kulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uremic frost akibat kristalisasi yang ada pada keringat (jarang di jumpai)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit berwarna pucat akibat uremia dan kekuning-kuningan akibat timbunan urokrom.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas – bekas garukan karena gatal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan kardiovaskuler</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi akibat penimbunan cairan dan garam / peningkatan aktivitas system rennin angiotensin – aldosteron.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri dada dan sesak nafas akibat perikarditis, efusi pericardial, penyakit jantung koroner akibat aterosklerosis dini akibat penimbunan cairan dan hipertensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan irama jantung akibat aterosklerosis dini, akibatkan penimbunan cairan dan hipertensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edema akibat penimbunan cairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan neurologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retless</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">leg syndrome</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita merasa gatal ditungkai bawah dan selalu menggerakkan kakinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Burning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">feet syndrome</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa kesemutan seperti terbakar terutama di telapak kaki.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level2 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensefalopati metabolic</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lemah, tidak bisa tidur, gangguan konsentrasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tremor, asteriksis, miokionus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejang-kejang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Miopati<br />
Kelemahan dan hipotropi otot – otot ekstremitas proksimal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disfungsi endokrin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan seksual, gangguan toleransi glukosa, gangguan metabolic lemak dan gangguan metabolism vitamin D.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan respiratori</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi paru, efusi pleura, tachypnea, edema pulmonal, kusmaul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respirasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 75.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaianan Urinaria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poliuria, nocturia, oliguria, anuria, proteinuria, hematonuria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 127.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek Kegagalan Ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek kegagalan ginjal akut atau kronik pada cairan tubuh sebagian besar tergantung pada pemasukan air dan makanan orang tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek-efek terpenting :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edema umum yang disebabkan oleh retensi air dan garam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingginya konsentrasi nitrogen non protein terutama urea, yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan ginjal untuk mengeksresikan produk akhir metabolisme</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingginya konsentrasi produk retensi urine lain, termasuk kreatinin, asam urat, fosfat, kalium (Guyton, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 79.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang gagal ginajl kronik :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin berasal dari metabolisme kreatinin pada otot. Tingkat produksinya berhubungan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa otot, dan hanya sedikit bergantung pada asupan protein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kadar kreatinin serum akan naik di atas ambang normal jika penurunan fungsi ginjal mencapai 50%.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin Klirens</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin klirens memberikan penilaian yang lebih akurat (jika dilakukan dengan benar). Selain difiltrasi ole glomerulus, sejumlah kecil kreatinin disekresikan oleh tubulus. Oleh karenanya kreatinin klirens sedikit melebihi GFR yang sebenarnya (John, 2006)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 97.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperkalemia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteodistropiginjal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperurisemia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neuropati perifer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retinopati</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 43.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 14.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Encepalopati</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.0cm;"><br />
</div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 7.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal adalah sepasang organ saluran kemih yang terletak di rongga retroperitoneal bagian atas. Bentuknya menyrupai kacang dengan sisi cekungnya ke medial. Pada sisi ini terdapat hilus ginjal yaitu tempat struktur-struktur pembuluh darah, sistem saraf, dan ureter menuju dan meninggalkan ginjal (Basuki, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefron sebagai satuan fungsinoal ginjal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masing-masing ginjal manusia terdiri dari kurang lebih 1 juta nefron, masing-masing dapat membentuk urine. Setiap nefron memepunyai dua komponen utama yaitu glomerulus (kapiler glomerulus) yang dilalui sejumlah besar cairan yang filtrasi diubah menjadi urine dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perjalanannya menuju pelvis ginjal (john, 2002).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan nefron di dalam ginjal membentuk dua daerah khusus. Daerah sebelah luar yang tamak granuler (korteks ginjal) dan daerah bagian dalam yang berupa segitiga-segitiga bergaris-garis (piramida ginjal) yang secara kolektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diseut sebagai medula ginjal (Brahm, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal adalah sepasang organ saluran kemih yang terletak di rongga retroperitoneal bagian atas. Bentuknya menyrupai kacang dengan sisi cekungnya ke medial. Pada sisi ini terdapat hilus ginjal yaitu tempat struktur-struktur pembuluh darah, sistem saraf, dan ureter menuju dan meninggalkan ginjal (Basuki, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang Dokter setelah menanyakan riwayat kesehatan penderita dan tanda serta gejala </span></span>yang<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> timbul, untuk menentukan adanya/terjadinya kegagalan fungsi ginjal kumudia akan dilakukan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemeriksaan fisik yang difokuskan pada kemungkinan pembesaran organ ginjal atau pembengkakan sekitar ginjal. Apabila dicurigai terjadinya kerusakan fungsi ginjal, maka penderita akan dikonsultasikan kepada seorang ahli ginjal.Selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium baik darah ataupun urine guna melihat kadar elektrolit sodium dan potassium/kalium. Pada kasus-kasus tertentu tim medis mungkin melakukan pemasangan selang kateter kedalam kantong urine (bladder) untuk mengeluarkan urine. Bila diperlukan, Tim medis akan menyarankan pemeriksaan pengambilan gambar struktur ginjal dengan metode Ultrasound, Computed tomography (CT) scans atau dengan cara Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. Bahkan ada kemungkinan dilakukannya tindakan biopsy, yaitu pengambilan contoh (sample) jaringan ginjal.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 13.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urine</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume : biasanya kurang dari 400 ml / 24 jam (oliguria) anuria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna : secara abnormal urine keruh, mungkin disebabkan oleh pus, bakteri, lemak, partikel koloid, fosfat lunak, sedimen kotor, kecoklatan menunjukkan adanya darah Hb, mioglobulin, forfirin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis : < 1,051 (menetap pada 1.010 menunjukkan kerusakan ginjal berat).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osmolalitas : < 350 Mosm / kg menunjukkan kerusakan mubular dan rasio urine / sering 1: 1.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kliren kreatinin : mungkin agak menurun</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium : > 40 ME o /% karena ginjal tidak mampu mereabsorbsi natrium.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein : derajat tinggi proteinuria (3-4+) secara bulat, menunjukkan kerusakan glomerulus jika SDM dan fagmen juga ada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PH, kekeruhan, glokuso, ketan, SDP dan SDM.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -13.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BUN<br />
Urea adalah produksi akhir dari metabolism protein, peningkatan BUN dapat merupakan indikasi dehidrasi, kegagalan pre renal atau gagal ginjal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin<br />
Produksi katabolisme otot dari pemecahan kreatinin otot dan kreatinin posfat. Bila 50 % nefron rusak maka kadar kreatinin meningkat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrolit<br />
Natrium, kalium, calcium dan phosfat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hematologi : Hb, thrombosit, Ht, dan leukosit</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TKK : kreatinin serum + BUN</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LED</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum kreatinin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hb : anemia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elekktrolit darah : Na, K, bikarbonat, kalsium dan posfat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KSD radiologi jantung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dielografi intravena</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto polos abdomen + tomogram</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis urine</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radiologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">USG : renogram</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asuhan Keperawatan Gagal Ginjal Kronik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas / istirahat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level2 lfo53; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : kelelahan ekstrem, kelemahan, malaise.<br />
Gangguan tidur (insomnia/gelisah atau somnolen)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level2 lfo53; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : kelemahan otot, kehilangan tonus, penurunan rentang gerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirkulasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : Riwayat hipertensi lama atau berat.<br />
Palpitasi, nyeri dada (angina)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : Hipertensi, DJJ, nadi kuat, edema jaringan umum dan pitting pada kaki, telapak tangan disritmia jantung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadi lemeh halus, hipotensi ortostatik menunjukkan hipovolemia, yang jarang pada penyakit tahap akhir.<br />
Pucat, kulit coklat kehijauan, kuning.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecendrungan perdarahan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Integritas Ego</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : factor setres, contoh tinansial, hubungan, perasaan tidak berdaya, tidak ada kekuatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : menolak, ansietas, takut, marah, mudah terangsang, perubahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepribadian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : penurunan frekuensi urine, oliguria, anuria (gagal tahap lanjut), abdomen kembung, diare,atau konstipasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : perubahan warna urine, contoh kuning pekat, merah, coklat, berawan, oliguria, dapat menjadi anuria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan / Cairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : peningkatan berat badan cepat (edema), penurunan berat badan (malnutrisi). Anoreksia, nyeri ulu hati, mual / muntah, rasa metalik tidak sedap pada mulut (pernafasan ammonia)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : distensi abdomen, pembesaran hati, perubahan turgor kulit, edema, ulserasi gusi, perdarahan gusi / lidah, penurunan otot, penurunan lemak subkutan, penampilan tidak bertenaga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurosensori</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : sakit kepala, penglihatan kabur, kram otot / kejang sindrom “kaki gelisah” kebas rasa terbakar pada telapak kaki.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : gangguan status mental, contoh penurunan lapang perhatian, ketidakmampuan berkonsentrasi, kehilangan memori, kacau, penurunan tingkat kesadaran, kejang, rambut tipis,kuku rapuh dan tipis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri / kenyamanan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : Nyeri panggul, sakit kepala, kram otot / nyeri kaku (memburuk saat malam hari).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : perilaku berhati-hati, distraksi, gelisah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pernafasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : nafas pendek, dyspepsia nocturnal paroksismal, batuk dengan tanpa sputum kental dan banyak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : tkipnea, dispnea, peningkatan frekuensi / kedalam (pernafasan kusmaul), batuk produktif dengan sputum merah muda encer (edema paru).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keamanan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : kulit gatal, ada / berulangnya infeksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda : pruritus, demam (sepsis, dehidrasi) normotermia dapat secara actual terjadi penigkatan pada pasien yang mengalami suhu tubuh lebih rendah dari normal (efek GGK / depresi respon imun), ptekie, area ekimosis pada kulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seksualitas<br />
Gejala : penurunan libido, amenorea, infertilitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi social</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : kesulitan menentukan kondisi, contoh tidak mampu bekerja, memepertahankan fungsi peran biasanya dalam keluarga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penyuluhan / pembelajaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala : riwayat DM keluarga (resiko tinggi untuk gagal ginjal), penyalit polikistik, nefritis herediter, kalkulus urinaria, malignansi. Riwayat terpajan pada toksin, contoh obat, racun lingkungan. Penggunaan antibiotic nefrotoksik saat ini / berulang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resiko tinggi terjadinya penurunan curah jantung berhubungan dengan ketidak seimbangan cairan dan elektrolit, gangguan frekuensi, irama, konduksi jantung, akumulasi/penumpukan urea toksin, kalsifikasi jaringan lunak.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi terjadi cedera (profil darah abnormal) berhubungan dengan penekanan, produksi/sekresi eritpoietin, penurunan produksi Sel Darah Merah gangguan faktor pembekuan, peningkatan kerapuhan vaskuler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perubahan proses pikir berhubungan dengan akumulasi toksin, asidosis metabolik, hipoksia, ketidakseimbangan elektrolit kalsifikasi metastase pada otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko terjadinya kerusakan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan gangguan status metabolik, sirkulasi (anemia, iskemia jaringan) dan sensasi (neuropati ferifer), penurunan turgor kulit, penurunan aktivitas, akumulasi ureum pada kulit.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi perubahan membran mukosa oral berhubungan dengan penurunan saliva, pemabatasan cairan, perubahan urea dalam saliva menjadi amonia.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia berhubungan dengan menurunnya produksi eritropeitin.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ganguan pola tidur berhubungan dengan rasa nyeri pada kepala</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang proses penyakit, diet, perawatan dan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurangnya informasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cemas berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang penyakitnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pemenuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan gangguan metabolisme protein.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level3 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi terjadinya penurunan curah jantung berhubungan dengan ketidak seimbangan cairan dan elektrolit, gangguan frekuensi, irama, konduksi jantung, akumulasi/penumpukan urea toksin, kalsifikasi jaringan lunak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : Tidak terjadi penurunan curah jantung,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; text-indent: 297.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level2 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor tekanan darah, nadi, catat bila ada perubahan tekanan darah akibat perubahan posisi Auskultasi suara jantung dan paru. Evaluasi adanya edema, perifer, kongesti vaskuler dan keluhan dispnoe.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level2 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Adanya edema paru, kongesti vaskuler, dan keluhan dispnea manunjukan adanya renal failure.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Hipertensi yang signifikan merupakan akibat dari gangguan renin angiotensin dan aldosteron. Tetapi ortostatik hipotensi juga dapat terjadi akibat dari defisit intravaskular fluid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level2 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji tingkat kemampuan klien beraktivitas.dan batasi aktivitas berlebihan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Kelemahan dapat terjadi akibat dari tidak lancarnya sirkulasi darah.dan b eban jantung dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas berlebihan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level2 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beri tambahan O2 sesuai indikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ meningkatkan sediaan oksigen pada miokard</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level2 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi dalam:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium (Na, K), BUN, Serum kreatinin, Kreatinin klirens.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan thoraks foto.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat-obatan anti hipertensi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level3 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi terjadi cedera (profil darah abnormal) berhubungan dengan penekanan, produksi/sekresi eritpoietin, penurunan produksi Sel Darah Merah gangguan faktor pembekuan, peningkatan kerapuhan vaskuler.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Tidak terjadi cedera</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Tidak mengalami tanda-tanda perdarahan,lab. Dalam batas normal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan keluhan peningkatan kelelahan, kelemahan, takikardia, mukosa / kulit pucat, dispnoe, nyeri dada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R/ Dapat menunjukan anemia, dan respon jantung untuk mempertahankan oksigensi sel.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awasi tingkat kesadaran dan prilaku.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Anemia dapat menyebabkan hipoksia, serebral, perubahan prilaku mental dan orientasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi respon terhadap aktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Anemia menurunkan oksigenasi jaringan, meningkatkan kelelahan, memerlukan perubahan aktivitas (istirahat).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi perdarahan terus menerus dari tempat penusukan, atau pada area mukosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Mengalami kerapuhan kapiler.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Awasi haematemesis atau sekresi GI / darah feses.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Stress dan abnormalitas hemostatik dapat mengakibatkan perdarahan GI track.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan sikat gigi halus, pencukur elektrik, gunakan jarum kecil pada saat penyuntikan, lakukan penekanan lebih lama setelah penyuntikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Menurunkan resiko perdarahan / pembentukan hematoma.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Darah Lengkap, Thrombosit, Faktor Pembekuan dan Protrombin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R./ Uremia, menurunkan produksi eritropoetin, menekan produksi Sel Darah Merah. Pada gagal ginjal kronik, Hb, hematokrit biasanya rendah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemberian transfusi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R./ Mengatasi anemia simtomatik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level2 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat – obatan : Sediaan besi, asam folat, sianokobalamin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R./ Memperbaiki gejala anemi.<br />
Cimetidin (Actal). R./ Profilaksis menetralkan asam lambung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemostatik (Amicar). R./ Menghambat perdarahan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Kadar Ureum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kadar Ureum Serum metode Modifikasi Barthelot</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea dihidrolisa dengan adanya ait dan urease membentuk amonia dan karbondioksida. Pada metode modifikasi barthelot ini,ion amonia bereaksi dengan hipoklorit dan salicyalate membenatuk zat warna hijau.Peningkatan absorben pada panjang gelombang 578 nm sangat proporsional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan konsentrasi uraeaa dalam sample.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang gelombang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>578 nmHg </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> :80</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c/s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Blanko </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.7pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reagen </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.75pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sampel </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ampel</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.7pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.75pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reagen Standart</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.7pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.75pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo27; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reagen RI</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.7pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.75pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 343.85pt;" valign="top" width="458"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inkubasi 2 menit (20-25</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">⁰</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reagen R2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.25pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.7pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.75pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">000 µl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 43.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 43.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 343.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="458"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campur dan inkubasi 20 - 25</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">⁰</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> C selama 10 menit. Ukur </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">absorben Da (STD) dan sampel Da (SPA) terhadap reagen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">blanko dalam waktu 60 menit.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 109.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harga Normal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: 109.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 10-50 mg/dl.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang gagal ginajl kronik :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin berasal dari metabolisme kreatinin pada otot. Tingkat produksinya berhubungan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa otot, dan hanya sedikitt bergantung pada asupan protein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kadar kreatinin serum akan naik di atas ambang normal jika penurunan fungsi ginjal mencapai 50%.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin Klirens</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kreatinin klirens memberikan penilaian yang lebih akurat (jika dilakukan dengan benar). Selain difiltrasi ole glomerulus, sejumlah kecil kreatinin disekresikan oleh tubulus. Oleh karenanya kreatinin klirens sedikit melebihi GFR yang sebenarnya (John, 2006)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan dan Penanganan Gagal Ginjal</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan serta pengobatan gagal ginjal tergantung dari penyebab terjadinya kegagalan fungsi ginjal itu sendiri. Pada intinya, Tujuan pengobatan adalah untuk mengendalikan gejala, meminimalkan komplikasi dan memperlambat perkembangan penyakit. Sebagai contoh, Pasien mungkin perlu melakukan diet penurunan intake sodium, kalium, protein dan cairan. Bila diketahui penyebabnya adalah dampak penyakit lain, maka dokter akan memberikan obat-obatan atau therapy misalnya pemberian obat untuk pengobatan hipertensi, anemia atau mungkin kolesterol yang tinggi.</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seseorang yang mengalami kegagalan fungsi ginjal sangat perlu dimonitor pemasukan (intake) dan pengeluaran (output) cairan, sehingga tindakan dan pengobatan yang diberikan dapat dilakukan secara baik. Dalam beberapa kasus serius, Pasien akan disarankan atau diberikan tindakan pencucian darah {Haemodialisa (dialysis)}. Kemungkinan lainnya adalah dengan tindakan pencangkokan ginjal atau transplantasi ginjal.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengobatan gagal ginjal kronik</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan gagal ginjal kronik dapat dibagi menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dua tahap.tahap pertama terdiri dari tindakan konservatif yang ditunjukkan untuk meredakan atau memperlambat perburukan progresif gangguan fungsi ginjal. Tindakan konservatif dimulai bila penderita mengalami azotemia. Dokter akan berusaha sedapat mungkin untuk menentukan penyebab utama gagal ginjal dan menyelidiki setiap faktor yang masih reversibel seperti:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan volume cairan ekstrasel yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan diuretik berlebihan atau pembatasan garam yang terlalu ketat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obstruksi saluran kemih akibat batu , pembesaran prostat, atau fibrosis retro-peritoneal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi, terutama infeksi saluran kemih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan yang memperberat penyakit ginjal, aminoglikosida, obat antitumor, obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid, bahan radiokontras.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi berat atau maligna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor ini kemungkinan menyebabkan pemburukan fungsi ginjal mendadak pada penderita gagal ginjal kronik ( Schrier, 1997 ). Pengobatan faktor-</span><span class="fullpost">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> reversibel dapat menstabilkan dan mencegah gangguan fungsi ginjal lebih lanjut. Selain koreksi faktor-faktor reversibel, metode keterlambatan perkembangan gagal ginjal kronik disebabkan oleh cedera glomerulus sekunder dari hiperfiltrasipada nefron intak masih dalam penelitian yang itensif.pembatasan protein dalam diet dan terapi antihipertensi(terutama dengan penggunaan penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin ) merupakan dua intervensi utama yang sedang diteliti.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap </span><span class="fullpost">kedua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pengobatan dimulai ketika tindakan konservatif tidak lagi efektif dalam mempertahankan kehidupan. Pada keadaaan ini terjadi penyakit ginjal stadium akhir (ESRD) atau gagal ginjal terminal( laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) biasannya kurang dari 2ml/menit )dan satu-satunnya yang paling efektif adalah dialisis intermiten atau transplatasi ginjal. Namun, sebelum tercapainnya keadaan ini, terjadi beberapa perubahan fisiologik, beberapa merupakan detrimental. Oleh karena itu dialisis biasannya dimulai sebelum tercapai ESRD. Kotak 48-1 memuat prinsip-prinsip penaktalaksanaan gagal ginjal kronis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN KONSERVATIF</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip dasar penatalaksanaan konservatif sangat sederhana dan didasarkan pada pemahaman mengenai batas-batas ekskresi yang dapat dicapai oleh ginjal yang terganggu . bila hal ini sudah diketahui maka diet zat terlarut dan cairan orang yang bersangkutan dapat diatur dan disesuaikan dengan batas-batas tersebut. Selain itu terapi diarahkan pada pencegahan dan pengobatan komplikasi yang terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan diet protein</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan diet protein sangat penting sekali pada pengobatan gagal ginjal kronik. Penderita azotemia biasannya dibatasi asupan proteinnya meskipun masih diperdebatkan seberapa jauh pembatasan harus dilakukan. Pembatasan protein tidak hanya mengurangi kadar BUN dan mungkin juga hasil metabolisme protein toksik yang belum diketahui,tetapi juga mengurangi asupan kalium, fosfat dan produksi ion hidrogen yang berasal dari protein. Gejala-gejala seperti mual, muntah, dan letih mungkin dapat membaik.yang lebih penting lagi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam penelitian yang baru-baru ini dilakukan.telah dibuktikan bahwa hipodinamik intrarenal yang abnormal dapat memperberat gagal ginjal kronik pada beberapa macam penyakit ginjal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembatasan asupan protein telah terbukti menormalkan kembali kelaian ini dengan memperlambat terjadinnya gagal ginjal. Kemungkinan mekanisme yang berkaitan dengan fakta bahwa asupan rendah protein mengurangi beban ekskresi sehingga menurunkan hiperfiltrasi glomerulus, tekanan intraglomerulus, dan cendera sekunder pada nefron intak.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaturan diet kalium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperkalemia umumnnya menjadi masalah dalam gagal ginjal lanjut, dan juga menjadi penting untuk membatasi asupan kalium dalam diet. Jumlah yang diperbolehkan dalam diet adalah 40 hingga 80 mEq /</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hari. Tindakan yang harus dilakukan adalah dengan tindakan memberi obat-obatan atau makanan yang tinggi kandungan kalium. Makanan atau obat-obatan ini mengandung tambahan garam (yang mengandung amonium klorida ) ekspektoran , kalium sitrat, dan makanan seperti sup,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pisang, dan jus buah murni. Pemberian makanan atau obat-obatan yang tidak diperkirakan akan menyebabkan hiperkalemia yang berbahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan diet natrium dan cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan natrium dalam diet memiliki arti penting dalam gagal ginjal. Jumlah natrium yang biasannya diperbolehkan adalah 40 hingga 90 mEq /hari ( 1 hingga 2g natrium ), tetapi asupan natrium yang optimal harus ditentukan secara individual pada setiap pasien untuk memeprtahankan hidrasi yang baik. Asupan yang terlalu bebas dapat menyebabkan terjadinnya retensi cairan, endem perifer, endem paru, hipertensi, dan gagal jantung kongestif. Rtensi natrium umumnnya merupakan masalah pada penyakit glomerulus dan pada gagal ginjal lanjut. Di sisi lain bila natrium terbatas pada titik keseimbangan natrium negatif, akan terjadi hipovolemia, penuruna n GFR, dan pemburukan fungsi ginjal. Deplesi natrium lebih lazim terjadi pada penyakit tubuloin terstial dan dapat dicetuskan oleh muntah atau diare. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menentukan asupan natrium yang optimal untuk setiap pasien. Uji konservatif natrium dan pengawasan ketat mengenai berat badan harian, tenda-tanda edem, dan komplikasi lainnya dapat membantu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada uji konservasi natrium, pasien memakan diet rendah natrium selama 5 hari (misal, 10 mEq/hari ). Orang yang normal akan menyimpan natrium dan menjadi seimbang dalam periode ini. Pada hari kelima, diambil sampel urine 24 jam dan dilakukan pengukuran kadar natrium. Natrium yang hilang dalam urine pada saat ini mencerminkan kehilangan yang sesungguhnnya, sehingga disebut “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sodium floor</i> “. Misalnnya , seorang pasien dengan diet natrium 10 mEq yang kehilangan 50 mEq dalam urine pada hari kelima memiliki keseimbangan natrium negatif 40 mEq ( 50-10=40 );40 mEq natrium harus ditambahkan pada diet . “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solium ceiling</i> “ ditentukan melalui pemantauan berat badan, tekanan darah, dan tanda-tanda lain akan kelebihan ECF. Seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnnya, rentang antara defisit natrium dan kelebihan natrium mungkin sangat sempit....</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan dan pengobatan komplikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kategori kedua dari tindakan konservatif yang digunakan pada pengobatan gagal ginjal adalah tindakan yang ditunjukkan untuk mencegah dan mengatasi komplikasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertensi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi ginjal akan lebih banyak mengalami kemunduran jika terjadi hipertensi berat. Selain itu komplikasi eksternal (misal, retinopati dan ensefalopati ) juga dpat terjadi.biasannya hipertensi dapat dikontrol secara efektif dengan pembatasan natrium dan cairan.serta melalui ultrafiltrasi bila penderita sedang menjalani hemodialisis, karena lebih dari 90 % hipertensi bergantung pada volume. Pada beberapa kasus dapat diberikan obat antihipertensi (dengan ataupun tanpa diuretik ) agar tekana darah dapat terkontrol. Strategi klinis yang dilakukam hati-hati untuk mencegah atau memperlambat terjadinnya perkembangan penyakit ginjal adalah untuk memperoleh tekana arteri rata-rata 91 mmHg ( 125 / 75 mmHg ).Bukti terbaru menunjukkan bahwa penghambat ACE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( misal , kaptopril ) dapat bermanfaat untuk pasien bergantung insulin ( krobik,dkk, 1997; agoda dkk, 2001 )selain untuk menurunkan tekana darah sistemik, obat ini secara langsung menurunkan tekanan intraglomerulus dengan mendilatasi secara selektif pada arteriol eferen. Obat penghambat ACE juga menurunnkan proteinuria. Obat-obat penghambat ACE menurunkan tekanan introglomerulus dan memperlambat perkembangan gagal ginjal kronis. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperkalemia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu komplikasi yang paling srius pada penderita uremia adalah hiperkalemia. Bila K<sup>+</sup>serum mencapai kadar sekitar 7 mEq/ L, dapat terjadi distrimina yang serius dan juga henti jantung. Hiperkalemia akut dapat diobati dengan pemberian glukosa dan insulin intravena yang akan memasukkan K <sup>+</sup> ke dalam sel atau dengan pemberian kalsium glukonat 10 % intravena dengan hati-hati sementara EKG penderita terus diawasi akan kemungkinan timbulnnya hipotensi disertai pelebaran kompleks QRS. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa faktor yang terdaftar dapat berperan dalam anemia akibat gagal ginjal kronik, tampaknnya defisiensi eritroprotein merupakan penyebab utama anemia, karena pasien berespon baik pada penggatian hormon ini. Pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun 1985, gen eritropotein manusia diisolasi dan diklon, sehingga terbentuk hormon dalam jumlah tak terbatas. Berlimpahnnya ketersediaan eritropotein manusia rekombinan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">recombinat human erythropotein</i> ,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">EPO)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">telah memperbarui penatalaksanaan anemia Pada gagal ginjal kronis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kadar hematokrit sebesar 6 % hingga 10 % dan penurunan gejala kelemahan dan kelelahan akibat anemia dapat diperkirakan. EPO biasannya diberikan sebagai injeksi subkutan ( 25 hingga 125 U/kgBB) tiga kali seminggu.selain terapi EPO, tindakan lain untuk meringankan anemia adalah CFR adalah meminimilkan kehilangan darah dan memberikan vitamin dan transfusi darah. Mengambil sampel darah kecil yang memungkinakan untuk uji laboraturium dan meminimalkan sisa bdarah pada pemasangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tube </i>pada hemolidiasis da melewati titik tersebut dapat mengurangi kehilangan darah iatrogenmik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis metabolik kronik yang ringan pada pendertita uremia biasannya akan menjadi stabil pada kadar bikarbonat plasma 16 sampai 20 mEq/1. Keadaan ini biasannya tidak berkembang melewati titik tersebut karena produksi H<sup>+</sup> diimbangi oleh dapar tulang. Penuruna asupan protein dapat memperbaiki keadaan asidosis, tetapi bila kadar bikarbornat serum kurang dari 15 mEq/L, beberapa ahli nefrologi memberikan terapi alkali baik natrium bikarbornat maupun sitrat pada dosis 1 mEq/kg/hari secara oral, untuk menghilangkan efek sakit pada asidosis metaboli, termasuk penurunan massa tulang yang berlebihan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oesteodistrofi ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu tindakan pengobatan yang penting untuk mencegah timbulnnya hiperparatiroidisme sekunder dan segala akibatnnya adalah diet rendah fosfat dengan pemberian agen yang dapat mengikat fosfat dalam usus.pencegahan dan koreksi hiperfosfatemia mencegah urutan peristiwa yang dapat mengarah pada gangguan kalsium dan tulang. Diet rendah protein biasannya juga rendah fosfat.pengobatan sebaiknnya dimulainpada awal perjalanan gagal ginjal progresif ketika GFR-nya turun sepertiga normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperurisemia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat pilihan untuk mengobati hiperuresemia pada penyakit ginjal lanjut biasannya adalah alopurinol. Obat ini mengurangi kadar asam urat dengan menghambat biosintesis sebagai asam urat total yang dihasilkan oleh tubuh. Untuk meredakan gejala-gejala artitis gout dapat digunakan koliksin ( obat anti radang pada gout 0</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neuropati perifer</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasannya neuropati perifer simtomatik tidak timbul sampai gagal ginjal mencapai tahap yang sangat lanjut. Tidak ada pengobatan yang diketahui untuk mengatasi perubahan tersebut kecuali dengan dialisis yang dapat mengehentikan perkembangannya. Karena itu, perkembangan neuritis sensorik merupakan tanda bahwa dialisis tidak boleh ditunda-tunda lagi. Neuropati motorik mungkin ireversibel. Uji kecepatan konduksi saraf biasannya dilakukan setiap 6 bulan untuk memantau perkembangan neuropati perifer.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan segera pada infeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita gagal ginjal kronik memili kerentanan yang lebih tinggi terhadap serangan infeksi, terutama infeksi saluran kemih. Semua jenis infeksi dapat memeperkuat proses katabolisme dan mengganggu nutrisi yang adekuat serta keseimbangan cairan dan elektorlit sehingga infeksi harus segera diobati untuk mencegah gangguan fungsi ginjal lebih lanjut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian obat dengan hati-hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal mengekskresikan banyak obat sehingga obat-obat an harus hati-hati pada pasien uremik. Waktu paruh obat-obat an yang diekskresikan melaui ginjal sangat memanjang pada uremia sehingga dapat terjadi kadar toksik dalam serum dan dosis obat-obatan ini harus dikurangi. Ahli nefrologi memilih jenis antibiotik (non-nefrotoksik )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beserta dosisnnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada gagal ginjal progresif, akhirnnya tindakan terapi konservatif menjadi tidak adekuat. Dialisis atau transplatasi ginjal kemudian menjadi satu-satunnya alat untuk memepertahankan kehidupan.namun, banyak tindakan konservatif tersebut mungkin perlu dilanjutkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIALISIS DAN TRANSPLANTASI GINJAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena gagal ginjal kronik bersifat ireversible dan akhirnya menyebabkan kematian, terapi ditujukan untuk mempertahankan fungsi ginjal dengan berbagai metode, misalnya dialisis dan transplantasi ginjal. Proses dialisis menggantikan ginjal untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan daan elektrolit normal dan mengeluarkan zat sisa secara arrifisial. Pada metode dialisis, darah pasien dipompa melalui selang alat dialisis yang dikelilingi sejumlah besar cairan dengan komposisi menyerupai plasma normal. Transplantasi ginjal sehat dari seorang donor adalah pilihaan lain untuk mengobati gagal ginjal kronik. Ginjal adalah salah satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari sedikit transplan yang dapat disebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh donor hidup. Karena 25% dari jaringan ginjal total sudah culup untuk mempertahankam fungsi tubuh (John, 2005)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada gagal ginjal kronik biasanya dibutuhkan kurang lebih 3 kali terapi/ minggu san dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurunkan BUN sampai 40-60% dan bembuang 2-3 liter cairan dalam jangka waktu 3-4 jam . banyaknya homedialisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih banyak tiap mionggunya untuk membantu mengelurkan zat-zat racun (ureum) dalam darah yang sangat tinggi (Skach, 1996).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan gagal ginjal stadium akhir telah mengalami perubahan dengan teknik-teknik dialisis Dan transplatasi ginjal selama 35 tahun terakhir ini. Terdapat hubungan yang e3rat antara kedua teknik tersebut dan kemajuan yang dialami oleh keduannya paralel satu sama lain. Contohnnya, penderita uremia dapat memilih menjalani transplatasi ginjal dengan donor keluarga atau donor yang sudah meninggal, daripada terus menerus menjalani dialisis kronik untuk menmpertahan kan hidupnnya .Akan tetapi , dialisis jelas tetap berperan penting dalam pengobatan. Dialisis dapat digunakan untuk mempertahankan penderita dalam keadaan klinis yang optimal sampai tersedia donor ginjal. Pada transplatasi ginjal dari kadaver, maka penderita mungkin harus menunggu sampai berbulan-bulan lamannya. Ada beberapa pengobatan bergantung sumber-sumber yang tersedia. Pengobatan awal dilakukan pada unit pusat hemodialisis, penderita kemudian dilatih melakukan dialisis sendiri sehingga mampu melakukan dialisis di rumah sampai tersedia donor ginjal, atau yang lebih sering dilakukan, penderita menjali pengobatan pada unit hemodialisis pembantu ( diluar rumah sakit ) atau unit hemodialisis bergerak di dekat rumah penderita.dialisis dapat membantu pasien transplatasi ginjal melalui periode oliguria pasca bedah, dan merupakan alternatif bila transplatasi ternyata gagal akibat penolakan tubuh atau komplikasi lain. Prognosis hidup dialisis kronik atau transplatasi ginjal kurang lebih sama. Masing- masing cara pengobatan mempunyai problem faster sendiri. Bila transplatasi ginjal berhasil, mungkin menawarkan kulatitas hidup yang lebih, karena pasien tidak terlalu terbatas hidupnnya. Biasannya tidak ada pantangan diet,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tidap perlu menyebabkan banyak waktu untuk melakukan dialisis beberapa kali setiap minggu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan penderita</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita perlu dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu untuk menghadapi peralihan dari penanganan konserfatif keterapi yang lebih definitif jauh sebelum tindakan dialisis atau transpalasi ginjal diperlukan. Hal ini tidak hanya memberikan harapan pada pasien, tetapi juga memungkinkan cukup waktu untuk mengindoktrinasi penderita dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rangka untuk dapat menjalani pengobatan pada saat yang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mula-mula, digunakan kriteria yang sangat kaku untuk memilih penderita yang akan menjalani transplatasi ginjal atau dialisis pemeliharaan, terutama karena fasilitas masih sangat terbatas dan biaya pengobatan yang mahal. Peningkatan fasilitas, subsidi oleh pemerintah, tekhnik yang terus mengalami kemajuan, dan keberhasilan mengobati anak-anak, orang tua, penderita diabetes lupus eritematosus, sistemik adalah faktor-faktor yang telah memperbaiki kriteria sehingga sejumlah pasien dapat tertolong.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan pengobatan dimulai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 32.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada petunjuk yang jelas berdasarkan kadar kreatinin atau BUN darah untuk menentukkan kapan pengobatan harus dimulai . kebanyakkan ahli ginjal me3ngambil keputusan berdasarkan kesehatan penderita yang terus diikuti dengan cermat sebagai penderita rawat jalan. Pengobatan biasannya dimulai apabila penderita sudah tidak sanggup lagi bekerja purna waktu, menderita neuropati perifer atau memperlihatkan gejala klinis lainnya. Kadar kreatinin serum biasannya diatas 6 mg/dl pada laki-laki ( 4mg/dl pada perempuan) dan GFR kurang dari 4 ml per menit. Penderita tidak boleh dibolehkan terus menerus berbaring di tempat tidur atau sakit berat sampai kegiatan sehari-hari tidak dilakukan lagi. Terkadang, dalam waktu beberapa hari saja keadaan penderita dapat memburuk dengan cepat sekali meskipun selalu dipantau dengan cepat. Memburuknnya kesehatan yang demikian cepat biasannyaakibat respon terhadap penyakit infeksi tertentu. Kadang-kadang dengan satu atau dua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal Ginjal Kronik adalah kemunduran fungsi ginjal yang progresif dan tidak reversibel yang disebabkan oleh berbagai jenis penyakit. Penyakit yang mendasari sering sulit dikenali bila gagal ginjal telah parah. Bila laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) turun dibawah 25-30% dari angka normal , ginjal mungkin tidak mampu mengeksresi sisa-siisa nitrogen, mengatur voleme dan elektrolit serta mengeluarkan hormon. Bila GFR mencapai 10% dari normal, dapat terjadi uremia yang mengelurkan dialisis (Stein, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefropatik diabetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefritis interstisialis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubolointerstisialis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindrom Alport</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nefrosklerosis hipertensif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(John, 2005)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perjalanan kliniks umum ginjal progresif dapat dibagi menjadi tiga stadium </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium pertama </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebut stadium cadangan ginjal pada stadium ini kreatinin serum dan kadar BUN normal dan pasien asimtomatik. Gangguan fungsi ginjal hanya dapat terdeteksi dengan memberi beban kerjaa yang berat pada ginjal tersebut, seperti test pemekatan urin yang lama dengan mengadakan tes GFR yang teliti</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium kedua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan tersebut disebut insufisiensi ginjal, bila lebih dari 75% jaringan yang berfungsi telah rusak (GFR besarnya 25% dari normal). Pada tahap ini kadar BUN baru mulai meningkat diatas batas normal. Peningkatan konsentrasi BUN ini berbeda-beda, bergantung pada kadar protein dalam makanan. Pada stadium ini, kadar kreatinin juga mulai meningkat melebihi kadar normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium ketiga</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan stadium akhir gagal ginjal progresif disebut ERSD atau uremia. ERSD terjadi apabila sekitar 90% dari masa nefron telah hancur, atau hanya sekitar 200.000 nefron yang masih utuh. Nilai GFR hanya 10% dari keadaan normal, dan bersihan kreatinin mungkin sebesar 5-10 ml permenit atau kurang. Pada keadaan ini, keadan kreatini dan kadar BUN akan meningkat dengan sangat melonjok sebagai respon terhadap GFR yang mengalami penurunan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uremia adalah suatu sindrom klinik dan laboratorik yang terjadi pada semua organ, akibat penurunan fungsi ginjal pada penyakit ginjal kronik, penyajian dan hebatnya tanda dan gejala uremia berbeda dari pasien yang satu dengan pasien yang lain, tergantung paling tidak sebagian pada besarnya penurunan massa ginjal yang masih berfungsi dan kecepatan hilangnya fungsi ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uremia merupakan suatu keadaan kronik yang berkaitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan meningkatnya urea di dalam darah. Pada uremia lanjut, sebagian fungsi dari semua organ tubuh dapat menjadi abnormal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua kelompok gajala kliniks dapat terjadi pada sindrom uremia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala yang paling nyata adalah gangguan fungsi pengaturan dan ekskresi; kelainan volume cairan dan elektrolit, ketidakseimbangan asam-basa, retensi metabolik lainnya, serta anemia yang diebabkan defisiensi sekresi ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gabungan kelainan kardiovaskuler, neuromuskular, saluran cerna dan kelainan lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre renal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegagalan sirkulasi darah akut : syok</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dehidrasi dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit : muntah, diare</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan ke dalam traktus gastrointestinal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nekrosis jaringan yang masif : ganreng di tungkak, infrak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tinggi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level3 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ritis akut dan kronikPielonefritis kronik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level3 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit vaskuler </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level3 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulonef</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Post renal : Batu ginjal (Thomson, 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: 21.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ureum berasal dari protein yang disintesis dalam hati maupun melalui intake makanan dari yang kita makan. Apabila kemampuan ginjal dalam memfiltrasi ureum tersebut menurun, maka terjadi penimbunan ureum dalam darah. Sehingga kadar ureum lebih dari normal. Untuk dapat menyelamatkan pasien yang bkadar ureum dalam darah meningkat, dilakukan dengan hemodialisa secara periodik, diet rendah protein dan melakukan pola hidup sehat serta berolahraga untuk menjalani hidup yang normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya Masyarakat selalu meningkatkan pengawasan sedini mungkin sehinga dapat mencegah penyakit gagal ginjal kronik terutama bagi penderita gagal ginjal kronik harus selalu mengontrol kadar ureumnya melalui hemodialisa (cuci darah) dan mengonsumsi diet rendah protein.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membiasakan diri untuk berolahraga secara teratur dan pola hidup sehat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi tenaga medis </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya untuk pasien gagal ginjal kronik tidak hanya dilakukan pemeriksaan ureum saja, tetapi juga dilakukan pemeriksaan yang lainnya. Bila ditemukan peningkatan kadar ureum, maka sebaiknya dilakukan terapi untuk menurunkan kadar ureum sehingga pasien mendapat perawatan yang maksimal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan pelayanan dan memberikan dan membersihkan pengarahan yang baik khususnya bagi penderita gagal ginjal kronik karena telah terbukti penyakit gagal ginjal kronik dapat menyebabkan kematian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thomson;1997;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Catatan Kuliah Patologi Edisi 111</i>;EGC;Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Price, Anderson S, Lorraine Mc Carty Wilson;2005;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patofisiologi KonsepProses-proses Penyakit Edisi V1</i>;EGC;Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://belibis-a17.com/2009/06/06/gagal-ginjal-kronik-ggk/diunduh tanggal 26 oktober 2010.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudoyo,Aru W dkk. 2007.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Penyakit Dalam</i>. Edisi ke IV jilid 1.FKUI.Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.1 Anatomi Ginjal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.2 Kerusakan pada Ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.3 Hemodialisis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.4 Manifestasi klinik penyakit ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.5 Gagal Ginjal Kronik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.6 Perbedaan Ginjal Normal dan Abnormal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1.7 Seseorang yang telah melakukan transplantasi ginjal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KIMIA KLINIK II</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">UREMIA TERHADAP GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kelompok IV</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rini Suryandari <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 042 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Risky Rohmad <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 043 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wijna Perbawanti<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 055 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yuniana Setyani<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 059 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yuriska<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 060 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">AKADEMI ANALIS KESEHATAN NASIONAL SURAKARTA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2011</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KIMIA KLINIK II</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">UREMIA TERHADAP GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kelompok IV</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rini Suryandari <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 042 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Risky Rohmad <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 043 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wijna Perbawanti<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 055 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yuniana Setyani<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 059 )</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yuriska<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( A 101 14 060 )</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">AKADEMI ANALIS KESEHATAN NASIONAL SURAKARTA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2011</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR ISI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi Ginjal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anatomi Ginjal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fungsi Ginjal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mekanisme Kerja Ginjal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Epidemiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................. </span>11</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Faktor Predosposisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>13</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.......................................................................... </span>14</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Patofisiologi Ginjal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>14</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Manifestasi Kliniks<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>21</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Komplikasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span>24</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................. </span>25</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................................. </span>25</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................... </span>25</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asuhan Keperawatan Gagal Ginjal Kronik. <span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.................................... </span>27</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengobatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span>34</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DIALISIS DAN TRANSPLANTASI GINJAL<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................ </span>41</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB IV PENUTUP<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.............................................................................................. </span>44</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KESIMPULAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">................................................................................... </span>44<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SARAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">............................................................................................... </span>46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............ </span>48</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 347.3pt right blank 396.85pt;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LAMPIRAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2 dotted;">.......................................................................................................... </span>49</span>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-77294586022902975272011-06-15T09:15:00.001+07:002011-06-15T09:17:08.051+07:00Cara memposting artikel di blogspotIni adalah cara memposting artikel di blogspot khusus buat para pemula bolger,serta saya berikan juga penjelasan arti dari simbol-simbol saat anda menulis artikel, Langsung saja download langka-langkahnya untuk posting artikel di link bawah ini :<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.plunder.com/Cara-memposting-artikel-di-blogspot-download-46531ea5cd.htm">Cara memposting artikel di blogspot</a>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-47312551388515442272011-06-14T22:47:00.001+07:002011-06-14T22:51:34.999+07:00tutorial membuat blogspot versi mobile<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">mungkin untuk membuat blog versi mobile di wordpress mudah karena wordpress memberi , versi mobile nya ,namun di blogspot tidak ada, ini kelemahan blogspot dari pada wordpress, untuk cara-caranya download file di bawah ini :<br />
<a href="http://www.plunder.com/tutorial-membuat-blogspot-versi-mobile-download-3467bf43b5.htm">tutorial membuat blogspot versi mobile</a><br />
<a href="http://www.plunder.com/tutorial-membuat-blogspot-versi-mobile-download-3467bf43b5.htm"></a></div>yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-64987403210849536982011-06-14T22:07:00.000+07:002011-06-14T22:07:15.533+07:00Tehnologi GPS (Global Position System)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXakKDdKHr9Tephxf5oH83Zt54ue_KLuYtF3wHWBcPizqR-zuSKmnSFa-b4TO-0pmy0h5a0TuSRBFnums5iShuRbra-nAwLKcuez-mxduGEQsHRxyrcHmFzyuuz2H6Ub_FmgxOZFZzm4A/s1600/GARMIN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="208" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXakKDdKHr9Tephxf5oH83Zt54ue_KLuYtF3wHWBcPizqR-zuSKmnSFa-b4TO-0pmy0h5a0TuSRBFnums5iShuRbra-nAwLKcuez-mxduGEQsHRxyrcHmFzyuuz2H6Ub_FmgxOZFZzm4A/s320/GARMIN.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<br />
Tehnoklogi GPS mengandalkan satelit yang biasanya banyak digunakan di pesawat,kapal untuk mengetahui arah namun dengan kemajuan jaman sekarang Tehnologi GPS banyak digunakan pada mobil sebagai penunjuk arah jalan dan perhitungan jarak tempuh ,seiring dengan perkembangan jaman tehnologi GPS pun semakin canggih misalnya sebagai alat untuk kemiliteran di suatu pangkalan militer, GPS pertama kali digunakan oleh amerika sebagai penentu koordinat, sistem ini juga digunakan di ponsel selular .<br />
GPS juga berfungsi sebagai pencari lokasi atau biasa disebut GPS Tracking biasanya digunakan untuk mencari lokasi mobil yang menggunakan aplikasi GPS sehingga keberadaan mobil itu bisa diketahui dengan GPS Tracking.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-39159790675247620242011-06-14T21:24:00.000+07:002011-06-14T21:24:16.350+07:00Penentuan kadar asam sulfida metode iodomtriPROSEDUR PEMERIKSAAN<br />
<br />
I. Pemeriksaan menggunakan metode Iodometri<br />
Nama Percobaan : Penentuan kadar H2S (Hidrogen Sulfida) pada air sumur<br />
II. Prosedur Pemeriksaan<br />
Dasar Teori :<br />
Sulfat merupakan senyawa yang stabil secara kimia karena merupakan bentuk oksida paling tinggi dari unsur belerang. Sulfat dapat dihasilkan dari oksida senyawa sulfida oleh bakteri. Sulfida tersebut adalah antara lain sulfida metalik dan senyawa organosulfur. Sebalikya oleh bakteri golongan heterotrofik anaerob, sulfat dapat direduksi menjadi asam sulfida.Secara kimia sulfat merupakan bentuk anorganik daripada sulfida didalam lingkungan aerob.<br />
Sulfat didalam lingkungan (air) dapat berada secara ilmiah dan atau dari aktivitas manusia, misalnya dari limbah industry dan limbah laboratorium. Secara ilmiah sulfat biasanya berasal dari pelarutan mineral yang mengandung S, misalnya gips (CaSO4.2H2O) dan kalsium sufat anhidrat ( CaaSO4). Selain itu dapat juga berasal dari oksidasi senyawa organik yang mengandung sulfat adalah antara lain industri kertas,tekstil dan industri logam<br />
<br />
Hidrogen Sulfida P Asam sulfida P; H2S BM : 34,08<br />
Pemerian gas tidak berwarna, beracun lebih berat dari udara. Dibuat dengan mencampur besi (II) sulfida dengan asam sulfat encer.<br />
<br />
Hidrogen sulfida LP<br />
Larutan jenuh hidrogen sulfida , yang dibuat dengan mengalitkan H2S kedalam air dingin. Simpan dalam botol berwarna gelap.<br />
<br />
Pemeriksaan kadar Hidrogen Sulfida dengan menggunakan metode Iodometri.<br />
Prosedur standarisasi larutan Na2S2O3 dan I2 <br />
Standarisasi larutan Na2S2O3 dengan KIO3<br />
1. Mengambil 10,0 ml larutan baku KIO3 dengan pipet volumetri dan masukkan kedalam erlenmeyer<br />
2. Menambahkan 5 ml H2SO4 2N<br />
3. Menambahkan 5 ml KI/ NACl 10%<br />
4. Menitrasi dengan larutan standar Na2S2O3 yang akan ditentuakan sampai warna kuning muda <br />
5. Menambahkan 2 ml amylum 1% sebagai indikator<br />
6. Titrasi sampai warna biru tetap hilang <br />
Standarisasi larutan I2 dengan larutan Na2S2O3<br />
1. Mengambil 10,0 ml larutan baku KIO3 dengan pipet volumetri dan masukkan kedalam erlenmeyer<br />
2. Menambahkan 5 ml H2SO4 2N<br />
3. Menambahkan 2 ml amylum 1% sebagai indikator<br />
4. Titrasi dengan I2 sampai warna biru<br />
<br />
<br />
Prosedur pengambilan sempel<br />
1. Mengambil sempel sebanyak 5,0 ml dan memasukkan kedalam erlenmeyer<br />
2. Menabahkan 2 tetes HCl 6N<br />
3. Menambahkan 1 ml larutan I2 yang telah di standarisasi<br />
4. Menitrasi dengan Na2S2O3 sampai warna kuning muda terang<br />
5. Menambahkan 2 ml amylum 1% sebagai indikator<br />
6. Titrasi dengan Na2S2O3 sampai warna biru hilang<br />
<br />
III. Perhitungan <br />
1. Standarisasi larutan Na2S2O3 dengan larutan KIO3<br />
( V X N ) KIO3 = ( V X N ) Na2S2O3<br />
2. Standarisasi larutan I2 dengan larutan Na2S2O3<br />
( V X N ) Na2S2O3 = ( V X N ) I2<br />
3. Perhitungan sempel <br />
H2S ( mg/l ) = F1 X (a x b ) – ( c x d ) x F2<br />
V<br />
Kesetaraan : 1 ml Na2S2O3 0,1N ~ 24,954 MG CuSO4.5H2O<br />
<br />
IV. Kegunaan dalam kehidupan sehari – hari<br />
Berperan dalam pengaturan tekanan darah<br />
Sebagai obat anti-pembengkakan (anti-inflamasi)<br />
Sebagi pelemahan saraf dan diabetes<br />
<br />
V. Daftar Pustaka<br />
Anonim, 1979, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi III, Depatermen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta<br />
Suharno, 1993, Buku Penuntun Praktikum Ilmu kimia, Depatermen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta<br />
Jurnal KTI ( pemeriksaan kadar hidrogen sulfida pada air sumur )yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-25265436610940551192011-06-14T21:14:00.001+07:002011-06-14T21:17:36.622+07:00Schistosoma mansoni<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq4eeMJFQsUKrSABeRw6RpuvVvAXxBdMr7uPh2Yox3YpzBx3G_lUhKBQR0hqb8Z1fXz5cRo2115Jpk6VLUzfOBZ7lArX-So6g_hiDiT-BE6oFjOK065QgDpoJKaBDE01zr7AwzcyhHQeA/s1600/PEREMPUAN+DAN+LAKI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="100" width="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq4eeMJFQsUKrSABeRw6RpuvVvAXxBdMr7uPh2Yox3YpzBx3G_lUhKBQR0hqb8Z1fXz5cRo2115Jpk6VLUzfOBZ7lArX-So6g_hiDiT-BE6oFjOK065QgDpoJKaBDE01zr7AwzcyhHQeA/s320/PEREMPUAN+DAN+LAKI.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Hospes dan Nama Penyakit<br />
Hospes definitif adalah manusia. Hospes perantaranya, yaitu keong air Oncomelania hupensis Lindoensis baru ditemukan pada tahun 1971 (Carney dkk, 1973).<br />
Pada manusia, Schistosoma mansoni menyebabkan penyakit schistosomiasis usus. Schistosomiasis usus (bilharziasis) adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh cacing Schistosoma mansoni. Ini seringkali menyebabkan ruam, demam, panas-dingin, dan nyeri otot dan kadangkala menyebabkan nyeri perut dan diare atau nyeri berkemih dan pendarahan. <br />
<br />
Distribusu Geografik<br />
Schistosomiasis mempengaruhi lebih dari 200 juta orang di daerah tropis dan subtropis di Amerika Selatan, Afrika, Karabia, Madagaskar, Timur Tengah dan Asia. Lima jenis schistosoma yang paling menyebabkan kasus pada schistosomiasis pada orang :<br />
Schistosoma hematobium menginfeksi saluran kemih (termasuk kantung kemih) <br />
Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi, dan Schistosoma intercalatum menginfeksi usus dan hati. Schistosoma mansoni menyebar luas di Afrika dan satu-satunya schistosome di daerah barat.<br />
<br />
Morfologi dan Daur Hidup<br />
Cacing dewasa jantan berwarna kelabu atau putih kehitam-hitaman, berukuran 9,5-19,5 mm x 0,9 mm. Badannya berbentuk gemuk bundar dan pada kutikulumnya terdapat tonjolan halus sampai kasar, tergantung spesiesnya. Di bagian ventral badan terdapat tonjolan halus sampai kasar, tergantung spesiesnya. Di bagian ventral badan terdapat canalis gynaecophorus, tempat cacing betina, sehingga tampak seolah-olah cacing betina ada di dalam pelukan cacing jantan. Cacaing betina badannya lebih halus dan panjang, berukuran 16,0-26,0 mm x 0,3 mm. Pada umumnya uterus berisi 50-300 butir telur. Cacing trematoda ini hidup di pembuluh darah terutama dalam kapiler darah dan vena kecil dekat dengan permukaan selput lendir usus atau kandung kemih.<br />
Cacing betina meletakkan telur di pembuluh darah. Telur tidak mempunyai operkulum. Telur cacing Schistosoma mempunyai duri dan lokalisasi duri dan tergantung pada spesiesnya. Telur berukuran 95 – 135 x 50 – 60 mikron. Telur dapat menembus keluar dari pembuluh darah, bermigrasi di jaringan dan akhirnya masuk ke lumen usus atau kandung kemih untuk kemudian ditemukan di dalam tinja atau urin. Telur menetas di dalam air; dan larva yang keluar disebut mirasidium.<br />
Cacing ini hanya mempunyai satu macam hospes perantara yaitu keong air, tidak terdapat hospes perantara kedua. Mirasidium masuk ke dalam tubuh keong air dan berkembang menjadi sporokista I dan sporokista II dan kemudian menghasilkan serkaria yang banyak. Serkaria adalah bentuk infektif cacing Schistosoma. Cara infeksi pada manusia adalah serkaria menembus kulit pada waktu manusia masuk ke dalam air yang mengandung serkaria. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk infeksi adalah 5-10 menit. Setelah serkaria menembus kulit, larva ini kemudian masuk ke dalam kapiler darah, mengalir dengan aliran darah masuk ke jantung kanan, lalu paru dan kembali ke jantung kiri; kemudian masuk ke sistem peredaran darah besar, ke cabang-cabang vena portae dan menjadi dewasa di hati. Setelah dewasa cacing ini kembali ke vena portae dan vena usus atau vena kandung kemih dan kemudian betina bertelur setelah berkopulasi. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQUcILH2KcJvueY_wIQAs70vNCZkHnd1cz4ZcZuj4CXmWw3X75jtuaVntqu6kJxVQqN4ZaH3R3btyYn6xBPeA3HFanW_6hKZEOifZKl_0r0u8INUcvCMxurxctgRTPVqc5e2AJQPQ8D4/s1600/daur+hidup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="105" width="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQUcILH2KcJvueY_wIQAs70vNCZkHnd1cz4ZcZuj4CXmWw3X75jtuaVntqu6kJxVQqN4ZaH3R3btyYn6xBPeA3HFanW_6hKZEOifZKl_0r0u8INUcvCMxurxctgRTPVqc5e2AJQPQ8D4/s320/daur+hidup.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Patologi dan Gejala Klinik<br />
Schistosomiasis biasanya menginfeksi orang yang berenang, menyeberangi, atau mandi di air bersih yang terkontaminasi dengan parasit yang bebas berenang. Schistosomes berkembang biak di dalam keong jenis khusus yang menetap di air, dimana mereka dilepaskan untuk berenang bebas di dalam air. Jika mereka mengenai kulit seseorang, mereka masuk ke dalam dan bergerak melalui aliran darah menuju paru-paru, dimana mereka menjadi dewasa menjadi cacing pita dewasa. Cacing pita dewasa tersebut masuk melalui aliran darah menuju tempat terakhir di dalam pembuluh darah kecil di kandung kemih atau usus, dimana mereka tinggal untuk beberapa tahun. Cacing pita dewasa tersebut meletakkan telur-telur dalam jumlah besar pada dinding kandung kemih atau usus. Telur-telur tersebut menyebabkan jaringan setempat rusak dan meradang, yang menyebabkan borok, pendarahan, dan pembentukan jaringan luka parut. Beberapa telur masuk ke dalam kotoran(tinja)atau kemih. Jika kemih atau kotoran pada orang yang terinfeksi memasuki air bersih, telur-telur tersebut menetas, dan parasit memasuki keong untuk mulai siklusnya kembali. <br />
Schistosoma mansoni dan schistosoma japonicum biasanya menetap di dalam pembuluh darah kecil pada usus. Beberapa telur mengalir dari sana melalui aliran darah menuju ke hati. Akibatnya peradangan hati bisa menyebabkan luka parut dan meningkatkan tekanan di dalam pembuluh darah yang membawa darah antara saluran usus dan hati (pembuluh darah portal). Tekanan darah tinggi di dalam pembuluh darah portal (hipertensi portal) bisa menyebabkan pembesaran pada limpa dan pendarahaan dari pembuluh darah di dalam kerongkongan. <br />
Telur-telur pada schistosoma mansoni biasanya menetap di dalam kantung kemih, kadangkala menyebabkan borok, ada darah dalam urin, dan luka parut. Infeksi schistosoma hematobium kronis meningkatkan resiko kanker kantung kemih. <br />
Semua jenis schistosomiasis bisa mempengaruhi organ-organ lain (seperti paru-paru, tulang belakang, dan otak). Telur-telur yang mencapai paru-paru bisa mengakibatkan peradangan dan peningkatan tekanan darah di dalam arteri pada paru-paru (hipertensi pulmonari). <br />
Ketika schistosomes pertama kali memasuki kulit, ruam yang gatal bisa terjadi (gatal perenang). Sekitar 4 sampai 8 minggu kemudian (ketika cacing pita dewasa mulai meletakkan telur), demam, panas-dingin, nyeri otot, lelah, rasa tidak nyaman yang samar (malaise), mual, dan nyeri perut bisa terjadi. Batang getah bening bisa membesar untuk sementara waktu, kemudian kembali normal. kelompok gejala-gejala terakhir ini disebut demam katayama. <br />
<br />
Gejala-gejala lain bergantung pada organ-organ yang terkena :: <br />
Jika pembuluh darah pada usus terinfeksi secara kronis : perut tidak nyaman, nyeri, dan pendarahan (terlihat pada kotoran), yang bisa mengakibatkan anemia. <br />
Jika hati terkena dan tekanan pada pembuluh darah adalah tinggi : pembesaran hati dan limpa atau muntah darah dalam jumlah banyak. <br />
Jika kandung kemih terinfeksi secara kronis : sangat nyeri, sering berkemih, kemih berdarah, dan meningkatnya resiko kanker kandung kemih. <br />
Jika saluran kemih terinfeksi dengan kronis : peradangan dan akhirnya luka parut yang bisa menyumbat saluran kencing. <br />
Jika otak atau tulang belakang terinfeksi secara kronis (jarang terjadi) : Kejang atau kelemahan otot.<br />
<br />
Diagnosis<br />
Diagnosis ditegakkan dengan menemukan telur di dalam tinja atau jaringan biopsi hati dan biopsi rektum. Reaksi serologi dapat dipakai untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis. Reaksi serologi dapat dipakai adalah COPT (Circumoval precipitin test), IHT (Indirect Haemagglutation test), CFT (Complement fixation test), FAT (Fluorescent antibody test) dan ELISA (Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay).<br />
<br />
Pengobatan <br />
Schistosomiasis adalah mudah diobati menggunakan dosis oral tunggal dari praziquantel obat setiap tahunnya. Seperti penyakit lainnya parasit utama, ada penelitian yang sedang berlangsung dan luas dalam mengembangkan vaksin schistosomiasis yang akan mencegah parasit menyelesaikan siklus hidupnya pada manusia. <br />
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia telah mengembangkan pedoman untuk perawatan komunitas schistosomiasis berdasarkan dampak penyakit ini pada anak-anak di desa-desa endemik: <br />
Percobaan telah menunjukkan minyak jarak obat sebagai agen anti-penetrasi oral untuk mencegah schistosomiasis dan bahwa efektivitas Praziquantel itu tergantung pada kendaraan yang digunakan untuk mengelola obat (misalnya, Cremophor / Castor oil)yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-75407163179339540642011-06-14T20:28:00.001+07:002011-06-14T20:34:09.870+07:00Tehnologi OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLs0jQ1YdJyQ8EAgyNjlemBzQyGpFnIQIQJpEI-00piU3f4u7xgAdam-TlHOsLUhl7JKbuJ-7uS4xP82caA2_dapYTTHXFz5gwLTzWmGseZZFU0YnyoNTLaEzWvc5TTChNfC0wCMMg1O0/s1600/OLED-Display.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="270" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLs0jQ1YdJyQ8EAgyNjlemBzQyGpFnIQIQJpEI-00piU3f4u7xgAdam-TlHOsLUhl7JKbuJ-7uS4xP82caA2_dapYTTHXFz5gwLTzWmGseZZFU0YnyoNTLaEzWvc5TTChNfC0wCMMg1O0/s320/OLED-Display.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Pengembangan Light Emitting Diode (LED) mengarah pada power dan efisiensi yang lebih tinggi. Pada beberapa tahun terakhir, muncul pula Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) yaitu LED yang terbuat dari material organik. Jika dibandingkan dengan LED, OLED memiliki beberapa kelebihan, misalnya display elektroluminansinya lebih luas, mempunyai emisi yang berwarna-warni, efisiensi luminansi yang lebih tinggi, dan molekul organik yang ada tidak terbatas jumlahnya. Ketidakstabilan mekanis material organik menyebabkan munculnya beberapa kekurangan OLED, salah satu contohnya adalah temperatur transisi glass molekul pada OLED yang rendah. Ketidakstabilan juga merupakan faktor penyebab menurunnya tingkat life time bahan. Di samping itu, mobilitas material organik yang rendah membatasi kinerja maksimum OLED. Pada riset ini dipelajari teori dasar yang diperlukan untuk membandingkan OLED dan LED. Kemudian dibuat model-model untuk OLED dan LED. Model OLED terdiri dari lapisan Hole Transport Layer (HTL) dan Electron Transport Layer (ETL). <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLC_SRFoJn4DIuSQlz5OPDx_6ZDBiewepTlkPhC46x_9GBh1zJ6rz4orYY3y7Qwk6-kUGE1uKGlTa_m8uH6A5bOsal2F_AyKMX_LGaqngilO56_JL0_iK3wvd1KuoKVOLqfdzTgHcTwWs/s1600/dupont-oled-20100516.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="239" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLC_SRFoJn4DIuSQlz5OPDx_6ZDBiewepTlkPhC46x_9GBh1zJ6rz4orYY3y7Qwk6-kUGE1uKGlTa_m8uH6A5bOsal2F_AyKMX_LGaqngilO56_JL0_iK3wvd1KuoKVOLqfdzTgHcTwWs/s320/dupont-oled-20100516.jpg" /></a></div>Model LED berbasis pada material Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) yang terdiri dari lapisan p dan n. Simulasi numerik yang membandingkan OLED dan LED pada diagram tingkat energi, rapat carrier, space charge, medan listrik, dan rapat arus mendemonstrasikan perbedaan pokok antara OLED dan LED. Hasil simulasi OLED dan LED yang telah didapat, kemudian dibandingkan dengan sel surya organik (OPV) dan sel surya anorganik (IPV). Dari simulasi diagram tingkat energi OLED dan LED, terlihat bahwa sambungan pn yang terbentuk pada bahan anorganikyuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-67771456753844607262011-05-25T11:08:00.001+07:002011-05-25T11:08:49.259+07:00Kerusakan Lapisan Ozon di Kutub Utara Makin Parah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAlXjH0LucYhKNgtJlLQRtrHoS23G5bQoP6iSvPVGsonjUlViPAMYFetF1VxeMK6nKLL80aW-GQnP0ODdB_UfzLCQAaDup3IqeTw7blSOzItg2SjwI2OvQbyCAA2QNOzz8qHq5HRVErc/s1600/MzlJQVr8R6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="176" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAlXjH0LucYhKNgtJlLQRtrHoS23G5bQoP6iSvPVGsonjUlViPAMYFetF1VxeMK6nKLL80aW-GQnP0ODdB_UfzLCQAaDup3IqeTw7blSOzItg2SjwI2OvQbyCAA2QNOzz8qHq5HRVErc/s320/MzlJQVr8R6.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Lapisan ozon di Kutub Utara makin parah padah musim dingin ini, dikarenakan cuaca dingin di bagian atas atmosfir.<br />
<br />
Pada akhir bulan Maret, 40 persen lapisan ozon di stratosfir telah rusak, naik dari sebelumnya yang kerusakannya masih berkisar 30 persen. Demikian seperti yang dikutip dari BBC News, Selasa (5/4/2011).<br />
<br />
Lapisan ozon melindungi manusia dari kanker kulit, tapi lapisan gas tersebut rusak karena polusi industri kimia. Kerusakannya adalah reaksi dari kondisi dingin di stratosfir akibat polusi industri kimia.<br />
<br />
Beberapa zat kimia sudah dilarang penggunaannya melalui perjanjian Montreal Protocol dari PBB, namun keberadaan zat-zat tersebut bakal bertahan lama di atmosfir hingga berpuluh-puluh tahun.<br />
<br />
Meski mendinginnya suhu stratosfir merupakan peristiwa tahunan di wilayah kutub selatan, akan tetapi gambaran mengenai kutub utara masih belum bisa diprediksi.<br />
<br />
Pada musim dingin, ketika wilayah kutub utara biasanya hangat di daratnya, suhu 15-20 km di atas permukaan Bumi malah berbanding terbalik.<br />
<br />
"Tingkat kerusakan lapisan ozon pada musim dingin tergantung pada kondisi meteorologi," ujar Michel Jarraud, Sekjen dari World Meteorogical Organization (WMO).<br />
<br />
"Kerusakan lapisan ozon pada tahun 2011 menunjukkan bahwa kita harus waspada dan membuka mata pada situasi di kutub utara dalam beberapa waktu ke depan," tambah Jarraud.<br />
<br />
Rusaknya lapisan ozon membuat sinar ultraviolet-B yang berbahaya dari matahari bisa masuk ke atmosfir. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan kanker kulit, katarak, kerusakan sistem kekebalan tubuh.<br />
<br />
WMO telah memperingatkan warga dunia untuk mewaspadai hal ini.<br />
<br />
Perjanjian Montreal Protocol yang telah disepakati pada tahun 1987, telah melarang penggunaaan zat Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) yang dulu banyak digunakan untuk lemari es.<br />
<br />
WMO menguak data ini pada acara pertemuan tahunan European Geosciences Union (EGU) di Vienna, Austria.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-14850703505648469802011-05-25T11:04:00.003+07:002011-05-25T11:04:45.866+07:00Satu Abad Lagi Permukaan Air Laut Naik 1 Meter<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv6obqbVWuvRFVCgUenXzkE-UMh7gs5xjmQnhDpDO0WBrtP1I4mAsurmQeGvBBy3PmPHTMj-V_CfQZdqFeZ_LHr4SWx4-q3i_ia7pSUtsq3PcITu45J89oeBu7RKGua_l-Nbj29KkSQJE/s1600/GiauYiM6fe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="176" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv6obqbVWuvRFVCgUenXzkE-UMh7gs5xjmQnhDpDO0WBrtP1I4mAsurmQeGvBBy3PmPHTMj-V_CfQZdqFeZ_LHr4SWx4-q3i_ia7pSUtsq3PcITu45J89oeBu7RKGua_l-Nbj29KkSQJE/s320/GiauYiM6fe.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Laporan terbaru dari Australia menyebutkan bahwa permukaan air laut akan mengalami kenaikkan hingga satu meter selama satu abad ke depan akibat pemanasan global.<br />
<br />
Kenaikan air laut ini dikhawatirkan mendorong bencana banjir besar menjadi lebih sering. Demikian pernyataan Komisi Iklim pertama dari pemerintahan Australia sebagaimana dikutip Straits Times, Senin (23/5/2011).<br />
<br />
Laporan ini menjadi bukti bahwa suhu permukaan bumi meningkat tajam, di mana 10 tahun terakhir mencatat rekor suhu terpanas dalam sejarah. Seperti diduga, efek gas rumah kaca dari berbagai industri menjadi penyebab utama kenaikan temperatur bumi, suhu laut serta permukaan air laut yang meningkat.<br />
<br />
Professor Will Steffen dari Komisi Iklim Australia memberikan laporan ini kepada sejumlah ilmuwan di bidang iklim serta Badan Metereologi dan akademisi Negeri Kanguru. Namun beberapa penilaian dalam laporan itu, termasuk kenaikan permukaan air laut, merupakan analisanya sendiri.<br />
<br />
"Saya memperkirakan rata-rata peningkatan permukaan air laut global di tahun 2100 akan naik ke level 0,5 hingga 1 meter jika dibandingkan pada 1990 lalu," ujar Steffen.<br />
<br />
Meski angka ini lebih tinggi dari Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change pada 2007 lalu, yang masih di bawah 0,8 meter, prediksi ini serupa dengan analisa PBB yang bahkan mengklaim jika peningkatan ini masih bisa lebih tinggi.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-67840507749840621892011-05-25T11:02:00.001+07:002011-05-25T11:02:18.367+07:00Ditemukan, Planet Pertama Berpotensi Gantikan Bumi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvvA_J-9CDuFYIIivvdyt9cr-zju0zNt4VOUd4xRbrjpkQWjtG-J1LsV-z0v0kEi7QFnbyc4BkdZyxp7gwRQlWVxKF8aKuOni5e2wSMCLPJDNBeqNS3Ve2BwuBPiaTuEcRYMyIbvZpEJ4/s1600/1514582.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="160" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvvA_J-9CDuFYIIivvdyt9cr-zju0zNt4VOUd4xRbrjpkQWjtG-J1LsV-z0v0kEi7QFnbyc4BkdZyxp7gwRQlWVxKF8aKuOni5e2wSMCLPJDNBeqNS3Ve2BwuBPiaTuEcRYMyIbvZpEJ4/s320/1514582.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Ilmuwan menemukan sebuah planet mengorbit sebuah bintang yang jaraknya 20 juta tahun cahaya dari Bumi. Planet ini bisa menjadi planet hunian pertama setelah Bumi.<br />
<br />
Planet Gliese 581d berada di ujung terluar ‘zona Goldilocks’ di sekitar bintang kerdil merah. Planet ini mampu menyimpan air. Studi peneliti Prancis yang diterbitkan di Astrophysical Journal Letters menyatakan, atmosfer planet ini cukup hangat menyimpan air.<br />
<br />
Planet 581d memiliki massa enam kali massa Bumi dan dua kali ukuran Bumi. Menurut BBC, awalnya planet ini dianggap terlalu dingin untuk menyimpan air. Untuk itu, peneliti Insititut Pierre Simon Laplace di Paris menjalankan simulasi komputer atmosfer planet ini.<br />
<br />
Hasilnya, ilmuwan menyatakan, laut berisi air cair dan awan serta hujan bisa terjadi di planet tersebut. "Temuan ini sangat penting karena berpotensi menjadi hunian," ungkap peneliti Robin Wordsworth.<br />
<br />
Sistem Gliese cukup menarik karena dekat Bumi, lanjutnya. “Jadi, menggunakan teleskop masa generasi depan, kehidupan di Gliese 581d bisa dicari secara langsung,” tutupnya.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-21621229219537049962011-05-25T10:59:00.001+07:002011-05-25T10:59:21.919+07:00Inilah Penyakit Seks Paling Mudah Menular<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZfAro_zAULWy0nIjwcWpI4avVRGyizW4MOFaGZ8MLUC0Xyyt4Ui04e6ZKXliNG3wdc9bWD1S1JbsKjVJ2x-uxFornH5oifoz4WV4CC4cFek-CBFrRmWi1m_u2fil_4yZwi-NS3E-OSg/s1600/1514582.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="160" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZfAro_zAULWy0nIjwcWpI4avVRGyizW4MOFaGZ8MLUC0Xyyt4Ui04e6ZKXliNG3wdc9bWD1S1JbsKjVJ2x-uxFornH5oifoz4WV4CC4cFek-CBFrRmWi1m_u2fil_4yZwi-NS3E-OSg/s320/1514582.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Lebih dari 600 juta kasus di seluruh dunia membuat Human Papillomavirus (HPV) menjadi penyakit seksual menular (STD) paling umum versi CDC dan WHO. Seperti apa?<br />
<br />
Virus ini paling sering dijumpai pada anak muda. Dalam studi terbaru, tim riset yang dipimpin Eduardo Franco do McGill University di Montreal menemukan, 56% mahasiswa wanita yang baru saja berpacaran, terinfeksi virus ini.<br />
<br />
Mengapa HPV sangat umum? Menurut Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), tingkat HPV bisa sangat tinggi karena, kebanyakan orang tak menyadari sedang terinfeksi. Dalam 90% kasus, tak ada gejalanya, dan biasanya, sistem kekebalan tubuh mampu melawan infeksi ini untuk beberapa tahun ke depan.<br />
<br />
Terdapat lebih dari 40 jenis HPV. Bagaimanapun juga, hanya beberapa yang bisa menyebabkan timbulnya gejala atau menyebabkan kondisi yang lebih serius, seperti kutil pada kelamin dan kanker serviks.<br />
<br />
Sekitar 1% orang yang aktif secara seksual memiliki kutil kelamin akibat HPV. Kutil ini terlihat seperti benjolan kecil pada permukaan kulit. Kutil ini biasanya berkembang dalam beberapa bulan sebelum kemudian menjadi infeksi.<br />
<br />
Kutil ini tak bisa disembuhkan namun bisa diobati, dan dalam banyak contoh, kutil akan hilang dengan sendirinya. Namun, virus juga bisa memiliki efek yang lebih serius. Selama bertahun-tahun, HPV bisa mengubah sel normal menjadi sel kanker.<br />
<br />
Selain itu, tak mungkin mengetahui apakah infeksi HPV definitif akan menyebabkan kanker. Dalam hasil studi Kanada, Franco menemukan, 44% subyek memiliki jenis HPV yang bisa menyebabkan kanker.<br />
<br />
Setiap tahun, 12 ribu wanita Amerika didiagnosa menderita kanker serviks. Menurut CDC, kanker ini merupakan kanker paling mematikan kedua bagi para wanita. Kanker ini telah membunuh 232 ribu wanita di seluruh dunia tiap tahunnya.<br />
<br />
Apakah bisa dicegah? Menurut CDC, perlindungan terbaik pada penyakit ini adalah dalam bentuk vaksin yang relatif baru yang disebut Gardasil. Vaksin ini direkomendasikan CDC untuk anak perempuan berusia 11-12 tahun dan untuk anak laki-laki berusia 9 yang belum aktif secara seksual.<br />
<br />
Gardasil yang dibuat Merck & Co bisa melindungi dari dua jenis HPV yang bisa menyebabkan kanker serviks. Selain itu, vaksin ini bisa melindungi dua jenis HPV yang bisa menyebabkan kutil kelamin.<br />
<br />
Wanita dan pria yang lebih tua masih bisa menerima vaksin ini namun paling efektif jika diberikan lebih dini. Bahkan dengan vaksin ini, wanita masih harus menjalani pemeriksaan rutin untuk kanker serviks.<br />
<br />
Vaksin lain juga tersedia. Vaksin ini disebut Cervarix dan merupakan buatan GlaxoSmithKline. Vaksin ini melindungi dua jenis HPV yang bisa menyebabkan kanker serviks. Berhati-hatilah.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-2098046176342475202011-05-25T10:33:00.001+07:002011-05-25T10:34:51.878+07:00Galaksi Bima Sakti Ternyata 50 Persen Lebih Besar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMN3U051VbFqTMTY_X3ysWU4s-xmiZfYkPMp2S9EHq6Iz_EK_XlGi9x95og3EFmomr8t-y-eb-hYju42UC9_duL56nftI_a1PufvEaoLbUBYOgybDyqOkyGjuWIIlii8wimSEBrMLefbE/s1600/99353_citra-galaksi-bima-sakti-yang-ditangkap-teleskop-luar-angkasa-fermi_300_225.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="225" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMN3U051VbFqTMTY_X3ysWU4s-xmiZfYkPMp2S9EHq6Iz_EK_XlGi9x95og3EFmomr8t-y-eb-hYju42UC9_duL56nftI_a1PufvEaoLbUBYOgybDyqOkyGjuWIIlii8wimSEBrMLefbE/s320/99353_citra-galaksi-bima-sakti-yang-ditangkap-teleskop-luar-angkasa-fermi_300_225.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Konsep galaksi Bima Sakti yang dibuat oleh ilustrator mengesankan bahwa astronom memiliki pengetahuan persis seperti apa rupa galaksi kita. Ternyata tidak demikian. Dari penelitian terbaru, diindikasikan bahwa galaksi tempat tinggal kita jauh lebih besar dari perkiraan.<br />
<br />
Selama bertahun-tahun, kita mengira bahwa Bima Sakti jauh lebih kecil dibanding galaksi tetangga terdekat kita yakni Andromeda. Menggunakan metode pengukuran terbaru, dari bagaimana cara galaksi kita berotasi, sekelompok peneliti astrofisika dari Harvard menyimpulkan bahwa Bima Sakti 50 persen lebih besar dibanding perkiraan sebelumnya.<br />
<br />
“Kini jangan lagi memandang Bima Sakti sebagai adik kecil di kelompoknya,” kata Mark Reid, peneliti dari Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, seperti dikutip dari Wired, 25 Mei 2011. “Kita boleh berpendapat bahwa Bima Sakti dan Andromeda merupakan saudara kembar,” ucapnya.<br />
<br />
Sayangnya, kata Reid, kita berada di dalam galaksi, jadi kita tidak bisa melihat lebih jelas seperti apa rupa rumah kita. “Cara terbaik untuk mengetahuinya adalah dengan mengukur berapa cepat galaksi kita berotasi dan jumlah massa yang harus hadir di dalam struktur untuk menghasilkan kecepatan tersebut,” ucapnya.<br />
<br />
Menggunakan teleskop radio Very Large Baseline, Reid dan timnya menemukan bahwa Bima Sakti berotasi pada kecepatan sekitar 600 ribu mil per jam atau 100 ribu mil per jam lebih cepat dibanding perkiraan. <br />
<br />
“Jika dikalkulasikan, itu berarti bahwa ada peningkatan massa sebesar 50 persen dibanding perkiraan sebelumnya,” ucap Reid. “Salah satu konsekuensi dari Bima Sakti yang lebih besar, kita kemungkinan akan bertabrakan dengan galaksi Andromeda lebih cepat,” ucapnya. <br />
<br />
Satu pertanyaan yang belum terpecahkan, kata Reid, adalah bagaimana rupa Bima Sakti kita sebenarnya.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6956988380300723389.post-38189169303913809502011-05-25T10:29:00.000+07:002011-05-25T10:29:30.201+07:00Aneka hewan unik yang di temukan di tahun 2010<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIHC5fEcC0HZKR-srDF-hL9iDFVjGHMaQt3WRLxMca0olJK32ymNK0KMi99oftpTyvHCfRJ6iYPB4v2T71ZU6mDKLlG7YlnMzdj8G9tHM8G5_AcXZCV_2bLdM0GYI2-xG0IRqr8W0Oa0/s1600/111766_ikan-pancake-batfish_300_225.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="225" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIHC5fEcC0HZKR-srDF-hL9iDFVjGHMaQt3WRLxMca0olJK32ymNK0KMi99oftpTyvHCfRJ6iYPB4v2T71ZU6mDKLlG7YlnMzdj8G9tHM8G5_AcXZCV_2bLdM0GYI2-xG0IRqr8W0Oa0/s320/111766_ikan-pancake-batfish_300_225.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Setiap tahun spesies-spesies hewan baru ditemukan. Banyak di antaranya memiliki keunikan yang khas dan tak ditemukan sebelumnya.<br />
<br />
Pada 2010, beberapa spesies menarik berhasil ditemukan oleh para ilmuwan. Ada yang bisa berpendar seperti lampu, ada yang melahap besi, ada pula yang mampu menghasilkan bahan yang lebih kuat dari kevlar. Berikut ini spesies-spesies unik 2010 yang berhasil dihimpun oleh situs LiveScience.<br />
<br />
1. Laba-laba Darwin's Bark Spider<br />
<br />
Hewan ini berasal dari Madagaskar, dan dinamakan Caerostris darwini. Laba-laba ini terkenal dengan jaring buatannya yang begitu besar dan panjang serta kuat. Jaring laba-laba ini bisa merentang hingga 25 meter.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikX2LVNQ3J4cuaKR9aulZvDueTJSpq7mF7rfQKZ61azE_5kteDxnxUleFdCeBwbgb16PV20koABOBSv1CooQLsQztH9z-H6qVtHduc9oAAOGfpcXiUBs6gFo02xLS0RA-igNqozIRZhtM/s1600/Caerostris_IMG_1391a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="320" width="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikX2LVNQ3J4cuaKR9aulZvDueTJSpq7mF7rfQKZ61azE_5kteDxnxUleFdCeBwbgb16PV20koABOBSv1CooQLsQztH9z-H6qVtHduc9oAAOGfpcXiUBs6gFo02xLS0RA-igNqozIRZhtM/s320/Caerostris_IMG_1391a.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<br />
Salah satu contohnya, ia bisa merentang di atas sebuah sungai di Madagaskar dengan lebih dari 30 serangga yang terjebak di jaring tersebut. Tak cuma panjang, namun jaring laba-laba ini juga dua kali lebih kuat dari jaring laba-laba lain dan 10 kali lebih kuat dari bahan kevlar berukuran sama.<br />
<br />
2. Bakteri Titanic<br />
<br />
Ini adalah bakteri yang ditemukan oleh para ilmuwan dari Dalhousie University Kanada dan University of Sevilla Spanyol pada bangkai kapal RMS Titanic.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5gl52PZpR4ctKs4dX40INdPRkKs5rP29xMboXdmmZA3jEWc1AgQG7BqTXjFqsVa04oZ_gAVh00U6l8EKd6yrUzkoag_GVZt-uniIdBQ2P7lko-pjWIgXti1Lzqfv090m6AWVdXveGw08/s1600/RSMP-titanic-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="233" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5gl52PZpR4ctKs4dX40INdPRkKs5rP29xMboXdmmZA3jEWc1AgQG7BqTXjFqsVa04oZ_gAVh00U6l8EKd6yrUzkoag_GVZt-uniIdBQ2P7lko-pjWIgXti1Lzqfv090m6AWVdXveGw08/s320/RSMP-titanic-3.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Bakteri dengan nama latin Halomonas titanicae itu mengkonsumsi besi dan baja, ditemukan melekat di permukaan sisa-sisa Titanic yang tenggelam di Samudra Atlantik. <br />
<br />
3. Biawak Sierra Madre <br />
<br />
Biasa disebut biawak tutul emas atau biawak Sierra Madre Forest, kadal raksasa ini ditemukan di hutan Sierra Madre di Pulau Luzon Filipina.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZBb9NoCmrMTXRXebHAnaP88u8S06sF2krllXv58dFQrU7BXsDwRkQVBcBOC8UkZv7zQInBZVCJcKSLOEStK0sDZnDMEN-SRZgvAKeL9N_UjZ4BD9t015POVVObQ0O8rtLci7hn4B8ub0/s1600/Varanus_holotype_Joseph_Brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="142" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZBb9NoCmrMTXRXebHAnaP88u8S06sF2krllXv58dFQrU7BXsDwRkQVBcBOC8UkZv7zQInBZVCJcKSLOEStK0sDZnDMEN-SRZgvAKeL9N_UjZ4BD9t015POVVObQ0O8rtLci7hn4B8ub0/s320/Varanus_holotype_Joseph_Brown.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Biawak bernama latin Varanus bitatawa itu, memiliki bobot sekitar 10 kg dan panjang sekitar 2 meter, dan sehari-harinya menghabiskan waktunya di pepohonan dan memakan buah-buahan. <br />
<br />
<br />
4. Lintah Tiran<br />
<br />
Lintah ini ditemukan di Peru, pada selaput rongga hidung seseorang. Memiliki panjang 5 cm, hewan penghisap darah ini memiliki rahang tunggal dan gigi-gigi yang besar.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1OHCLFkn0hQt81lBTvQ7ukuUuzdROMSoegQoBScEObtf8qHA3kqR1KI1A6f2LFS3lULdw4Nh7qZeo5qA-PM6AlY7ZmF0IFzgoRJtLhyphenhyphenKO8VykX_wZyNXX-bi4HvoAC8dtjecXj7xhjzM/s1600/T__rex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="268" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1OHCLFkn0hQt81lBTvQ7ukuUuzdROMSoegQoBScEObtf8qHA3kqR1KI1A6f2LFS3lULdw4Nh7qZeo5qA-PM6AlY7ZmF0IFzgoRJtLhyphenhyphenKO8VykX_wZyNXX-bi4HvoAC8dtjecXj7xhjzM/s320/T__rex.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Ia dinamakan Tyrannobdella rex (artinya: raja lintah tiran). Setidaknya kini ada 700 spesies lintah yang telah diteliti. Diperkirakan masih ada lebih dari 10 ribu spesies lintah di dunia ini.<br />
<br />
5. Jamur Bawah Air<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMDks6Ayc6vPS2WeRv2fzdhMESol_3rn7yN27I5qr2HppaQM6yJGEEafAIUWT5GsOChG1UCWrkALXaDP41wTiTaYvjyzcLTqfBLm1hDT-gUqukFBJWF-jNZ3sOSOFUVCKXz5OtY4tUYjc/s1600/Psathyrella_2-two-specimens-braving-the-current-august-21-2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="320" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMDks6Ayc6vPS2WeRv2fzdhMESol_3rn7yN27I5qr2HppaQM6yJGEEafAIUWT5GsOChG1UCWrkALXaDP41wTiTaYvjyzcLTqfBLm1hDT-gUqukFBJWF-jNZ3sOSOFUVCKXz5OtY4tUYjc/s320/Psathyrella_2-two-specimens-braving-the-current-august-21-2007.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Ilmuwan menemukan spesies anyar jamur yang mampu hidup di bawah air. Jamur yang diberi nama Psathyrella aquatica ini hidup di dalam sungai Rogue River Oregon Amerika Serikat. Ajaibnya, jamur ini memiliki insang dan mampu berbuah di dalam air.<br />
<br />
6. Ikan Pancake Batfish<br />
<br />
Ikan ini merupakan spesies yang terkena imbas dari bencana tumpahnya minyak di Teluk Meksiko tahun lalu. Menyandang nama latin Halieutichthys intermedius, ikan ini hidup di wilayah perairan dalam.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS-CO0roY3FMwJvo1Md4Clzh5XHzGWAK_su2pyK_jSoveG3_THC6hgHdbZU-9ccDcNx-5nMbSh1WDxcWd9sAZ4DrmBiYTfW3Sb648yax1zS74g9X6F2nLzpRl4YMvZysac7-B6YXKxUug/s1600/111766_ikan-pancake-batfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="240" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS-CO0roY3FMwJvo1Md4Clzh5XHzGWAK_su2pyK_jSoveG3_THC6hgHdbZU-9ccDcNx-5nMbSh1WDxcWd9sAZ4DrmBiYTfW3Sb648yax1zS74g9X6F2nLzpRl4YMvZysac7-B6YXKxUug/s320/111766_ikan-pancake-batfish.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Dengan bentuk tubuhnya yang ceper seperti kue serabi, ikan ini memiliki gerakan yang aneh. Lebih mirip melompat dengan siripnya di sepanjang dasar laut, ketimbang berenang.yuniana.setyanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08637944264950078413noreply@blogger.com0